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ABEV, Ambev S.A.
Revenue is led by Brazil (56%) and Latin America - South (20%), with 2 more segments behind.
The business
What it sells, where the money comes from, the kind of company it is.
The business in brief
read the 10-K →What this business is and what moves its needle, from its own SEC filings.
- What it is
- A consumer-brand business, where the durable asset is the brand and the pricing power it commands.
- What moves the needle
- Gross margin has run about 51% and operating margin about 26% through the cycle, a wide spread between price and the cost of what it sells — whether that advantage is durable pricing power or a margin that can erode is the question the record is for. The cash cycle has run negative through the cycle (a median of −111 days): the operation is paid before it pays, so working capital releases cash as the business grows rather than tying it up. On its own account, the filing leans hardest on debt terms & refinancing, set against the numbers in what the filing emphasizes, below.
Every line is arithmetic on the company's filings, shown in full in the sections below.
Where the money comes from
read the 20-F →The biggest segment, Brazil, is also where the profit is made: 56% of revenue and 53% of segment operating profit.
- Brazil56%R$49.0B53% of profit
- Latin America - South20%R$18.0B17% of profit
- CAC12%R$11.0B20% of profit
- Canada12%R$10.3B10% of profit
From the segment footnote of the company's own 20-F. Shares are of total revenue; the profit bar shows each segment's share of segment operating profit, before unallocated corporate costs.
The record
Ten years of arithmetic, read across the cycle.
The record, 2016–2025
realized figures from each filing · older years to the left| 2016’16 | 2017’17 | 2018’18 | 2019’19 | 2020’20 | 2021’21 | 2022’22 | 2023’23 | 2024’24 | 2025’25 | TTMTTMDec 2025 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Income statement | |||||||||||
| R$45.6B | R$47.9B | R$50.2B | R$52.0B | R$58.4B | R$72.9B | R$79.7B | R$79.7B | R$89.5B | R$88.2B | R$88.2B | RevenueRevenue |
| 63% | 62% | 62% | 58% | 54% | 51% | 49% | 51% | 51% | 51% | 51% | Gross marginGross mgn |
| R$17.1B | R$16.6B | R$17.2B | R$16.1B | R$16.0B | R$17.1B | R$17.7B | R$18.8B | R$21.8B | R$23.3B | R$23.3B | Operating incomeOp. inc. |
| 37.5% | 34.6% | 34.1% | 30.9% | 27.4% | 23.4% | 22.2% | 23.6% | 24.4% | 26.4% | 26.4% | Operating marginOp. mgn |
| R$12.5B | R$7.3B | R$11.0B | R$11.8B | R$11.4B | R$12.7B | R$14.5B | R$14.5B | R$14.4B | R$15.5B | R$15.5B | Net incomeNet inc. |
| 2% | 41% | 14% | 6% | 13% | -5% | 4% | -1% | — | — | -0% | Effective tax rateTax rate |
| Cash flow & returns | |||||||||||
| R$12.3B | R$18.3B | R$18.3B | R$18.4B | R$18.9B | R$22.9B | R$20.6B | R$24.7B | R$26.1B | R$24.5B | R$24.5B | Operating cash flowOp. cash |
| R$3.2B | R$3.8B | R$4.1B | R$4.2B | R$4.7B | R$5.0B | R$5.4B | R$5.7B | R$6.2B | R$5.9B | R$5.9B | DepreciationDeprec. |
| (R$3.4B) | R$7.2B | R$3.2B | R$2.5B | R$2.8B | R$5.2B | R$742M | R$4.5B | R$5.4B | R$3.1B | R$3.1B | Working capital & otherWC & other |
| R$4.0B | R$3.2B | R$3.6B | R$5.1B | R$4.7B | R$7.7B | R$6.5B | R$6.0B | R$4.7B | R$4.6B | R$4.6B | CapexCapex |
| 8.8% | 6.7% | 7.1% | 9.7% | 8.0% | 10.5% | 8.2% | 7.5% | 5.3% | 5.2% | 5.2% | Capex / revenueCapex/rev |
| R$9.1B | R$15.1B | R$14.8B | R$13.3B | R$14.2B | R$17.9B | R$14.1B | R$18.7B | R$21.3B | R$19.9B | R$19.9B | Owner earningsOwner earn. |
| 20.0% | 31.4% | 29.4% | 25.6% | 24.3% | 24.6% | 17.7% | 23.5% | 23.9% | 22.5% | 22.5% | Owner earnings marginOE mgn |
| R$8.3B | R$15.1B | R$14.8B | R$13.3B | R$14.2B | R$15.2B | R$14.1B | R$18.7B | R$21.3B | R$19.9B | R$19.9B | Free cash flowFCF |
| 18.2% | 31.4% | 29.4% | 25.6% | 24.3% | 20.9% | 17.7% | 23.5% | 23.9% | 22.5% | 22.5% | Free cash flow marginFCF mgn |
| R$6.0B | R$4.0B | R$2.8B | R$396M | R$1.7B | R$2.6B | R$357M | R$544M | — | — | R$544M | Dividends paidDiv. paid |
| — | — | R$3.1B | R$500K | R$0 | R$0 | R$100K | — | R$1.7B | — | — | BuybacksBuybacks |
| 28% | 16% | 24% | 19% | 15% | 15% | 18% | 18% | 15% | 18% | 18% | Return on equityROE |
| 15% | 7% | 18% | 19% | 13% | 12% | 17% | 18% | — | — | 17% | Retained to equityRetained/eq |
| Balance sheet | |||||||||||
| R$8.2B | R$10.4B | R$10.4B | R$11.9B | R$18.8B | R$18.5B | R$15.4B | R$16.3B | R$29.8B | R$20.3B | R$20.3B | Cash & investmentsCash+inv |
| R$4.4B | R$4.9B | R$4.4B | R$4.5B | R$4.3B | R$4.8B | R$5.3B | R$5.7B | R$6.3B | R$6.4B | R$6.4B | ReceivablesReceiv. |
| R$4.3B | R$4.3B | R$4.3B | R$6.0B | R$7.6B | R$11.0B | R$12.9B | R$9.6B | R$11.7B | R$10.5B | R$10.5B | InventoryInvent. |
| R$10.9B | R$11.9B | R$11.9B | R$15.1B | R$19.3B | R$25.1B | R$24.3B | R$23.2B | R$25.2B | R$23.7B | R$23.7B | Accounts payablePayables |
| (R$2.2B) | (R$2.6B) | (R$3.1B) | (R$4.6B) | (R$7.4B) | (R$9.3B) | (R$6.1B) | (R$7.8B) | (R$7.3B) | (R$6.9B) | (R$6.9B) | Operating working capitalOper. WC |
| R$23.9B | R$24.7B | R$24.4B | R$27.6B | R$35.3B | R$38.6B | R$37.8B | R$36.6B | R$54.2B | R$43.9B | R$43.9B | Current assetsCur. assets |
| R$28.8B | R$28.7B | R$29.1B | R$25.0B | R$33.5B | R$38.9B | R$40.5B | R$41.0B | R$49.4B | R$45.6B | R$45.6B | Current liabilitiesCur. liab. |
| 0.8× | 0.9× | 0.8× | 1.1× | 1.1× | 1.0× | 0.9× | 0.9× | 1.1× | 1.0× | 1.0× | Current ratioCurr. ratio |
| R$30.5B | R$31.4B | R$34.3B | R$35.0B | R$40.0B | R$42.4B | R$40.6B | R$38.0B | R$44.3B | R$41.5B | R$41.5B | GoodwillGoodwill |
| R$83.8B | R$88.8B | R$95.7B | R$101.7B | R$125.2B | R$138.6B | R$138.0B | R$132.6B | R$162.5B | R$145.1B | R$145.1B | Total assetsAssets |
| 3.7× | 3.7× | 3.7× | 3.4× | 2.9× | 3.1× | 2.5× | 3.8× | 5.4× | 5.3× | 5.3× | Interest coverageInt. cov. |
| R$44.8B | R$46.0B | R$45.6B | R$61.3B | R$73.8B | R$82.6B | R$82.0B | R$79.0B | R$98.6B | R$87.9B | R$87.9B | Shareholders’ equityEquity |
| Per share | |||||||||||
| 15.70B | 15.71B | 15.72B | 15.73B | 15.73B | 15.74B | 15.74B | 15.74B | 15.73B | 15.62B | 15.76B | Shares out (diluted)Shares |
| R$2.91 | R$3.05 | R$3.20 | R$3.31 | R$3.71 | R$4.63 | R$5.06 | R$5.06 | R$5.69 | R$5.65 | R$5.60 | Revenue / shareRev/sh |
| R$0.80 | R$0.46 | R$0.70 | R$0.75 | R$0.72 | R$0.81 | R$0.92 | R$0.92 | R$0.92 | R$0.99 | R$0.98 | EPS (diluted)EPS |
| R$0.58 | R$0.96 | R$0.94 | R$0.85 | R$0.90 | R$1.14 | R$0.90 | R$1.19 | R$1.36 | R$1.27 | R$1.26 | Owner earnings / shareOE/sh |
| R$0.53 | R$0.96 | R$0.94 | R$0.85 | R$0.90 | R$0.97 | R$0.90 | R$1.19 | R$1.36 | R$1.27 | R$1.26 | Free cash flow / shareFCF/sh |
| R$0.38 | R$0.26 | R$0.18 | R$0.03 | R$0.11 | R$0.17 | R$0.02 | R$0.03 | — | — | R$0.03 | Dividends / shareDiv/sh |
| R$0.26 | R$0.20 | R$0.23 | R$0.32 | R$0.30 | R$0.49 | R$0.42 | R$0.38 | R$0.30 | R$0.29 | R$0.29 | Cap. spending / shareCapex/sh |
| R$2.86 | R$2.93 | R$2.90 | R$3.90 | R$4.69 | R$5.25 | R$5.21 | R$5.02 | R$6.27 | R$5.63 | R$5.58 | Book value / shareBVPS |
| 9-yr | 5-yr | |
|---|---|---|
| Revenue / share | +7.7%/yr | +8.8%/yr |
| Owner earnings / share | +9.1%/yr | +7.2%/yr |
| EPS | +2.4%/yr | +6.5%/yr |
| Dividends / share | −29.1%/yr (7-yr) | −27.8%/yr |
| Capital spending / share | +1.5%/yr | −0.3%/yr |
| Book value / share | +7.8%/yr | +3.7%/yr |
The record, charted
FY2016–2025Each measure over its full record; the current point and the worst year marked.
Owner earnings vs. net income
Owner earningsNet incomeThe accountant's number, and the cash an owner can take; the gap is the tell.
Where the cash went
ReinvestBuybacksDividendsAcquisitionsRetainedEach year's operating cash, by what management did with it: the mix, and how it drifts.
Net income is the accountant's number; owner earnings is the cash an owner could take out. The walk between them, off the cash-flow statement, and whether the gap is widening or holding.
In fiscal 2025 the business turned R$15.5B of profit into R$19.9B of owner earnings: more cash than the profit line showed, after the non-cash charges and the capital it put back in.
| FY2025 | FY2024 | FY2023 | FY2022 | FY2021 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reported net income | R$15.5B | R$14.4B | R$14.5B | R$14.5B | R$12.7B |
| Depreciation & amortizationnon-cash charge added back | +R$5.9B | +R$6.2B | +R$5.7B | +R$5.4B | +R$5.0B |
| Working capital & othertiming of cash in and out, other non-cash items | +R$3.1B | +R$5.4B | +R$4.5B | +R$742M | +R$5.2B |
| Cash from operations | R$24.5B | R$26.1B | R$24.7B | R$20.6B | R$22.9B |
| Maintenance capital expenditurethe spending needed just to hold position and volume | −R$4.6B | −R$4.7B | −R$6.0B | −R$6.5B | −R$5.0B |
| Owner earnings | R$19.9B | R$21.3B | R$18.7B | R$14.1B | R$17.9B |
| Growth capital expenditurediscretionary; spent to get bigger, not to stand still | — | — | — | — | −R$2.7B |
| Free cash flow | R$19.9B | R$21.3B | R$18.7B | R$14.1B | R$15.2B |
| Owner-earnings marginowner earnings ÷ revenue | 23% | 24% | 23% | 18% | 25% |
Owner earnings is the cash an owner could pull out without starving the business: operating cash less the capital it must spend to hold its position .
Maintenance capex is estimated as depreciation where a growing business invests above it; free cash flow is the figure the scorecard's free-cash margin reads.
Quality & stewardship
Returns, the balance sheet, capital allocation, and pay.
Owner’s Scorecard
Will it survive?
- ComfortableOperating income R$23.3B ÷ interest expense R$4.4B
What this means
Operating profit covers interest with the kind of margin Graham wanted for a defensive holding. Necessary, not sufficient, it says solvent, not cheap.
- Debt under-captured — leverage unknown, not low
What this means
This company pays far more interest than its tagged debt implies (the rest sits under segment dimensions the data source strips), so its net cash or net debt cannot be read honestly: the gap is unknown, not zero, and 'net cash' here would be exactly the fiction the figure is meant to prevent. Judge it on the record and owner earnings instead.
- Negative, funded by othersDSO 26 + DIO 90 − DPO 202 days
What this means
Days cash is tied up between paying suppliers and collecting from customers. A negative cycle is a quiet moat: suppliers and customers fund the operation (Buffett's “float”), the company grows on other people's money.
Is it a good business?
- Debt under-capturedIndustry peers: median 10%
What this means
This company's interest bill implies far more debt than its filings tag at the consolidated level (the rest sits under segment dimensions the data source strips), so invested capital, and the return on it, cannot be read honestly. Judge this one on Owner Earnings and the record instead.
- High through the cycle10-yr median margin, range 18%–31%; latest R$19.9B = operating cash R$24.5B − maintenance capex R$4.6BIndustry peers: median 10%
What this means
What an owner could take out without starving the business: operating cash less the maintenance capital it must spend to hold its position — Buffett's owner earnings. That's 23% of revenue this year, a 24% median across 10 years.
- Cash-backedCash from ops R$24.5B ÷ net income R$15.5B
What this means
How much of reported profit showed up as operating cash. Above 1× is reassuring; well below suggests earnings lean on accruals. One year is noisy, growth and working-capital swings distort it, and this is operating cash, not free cash. Watch the multi-year trend.
How is the cash used?
- Reinvests most of itDividends + buybacks R$544M ÷ Owner Earnings R$19.9B
What this means
Of R$19.9B Owner Earnings, R$544M (3%) went back to shareholders, R$544M dividends, R$0 buybacks. Returning most of it is the mark of a mature business with little left to reinvest at a high return; reinvesting most could mean a long runway, or empire-building. The split doesn't say which; the return earned on it (see ROIC) does.
- Investing or harvesting? 0.78×HarvestingCapex R$4.6B ÷ depreciation R$5.9B
What this means
Descriptive, not a grade. Above ~1× means investing faster than assets wear out (growth, or, sustained for years, today's earnings carrying less depreciation than tomorrow's will). Below means spending less than it's wearing out (efficiency, or a melting asset base). The ratio won't tell you which; the filings will.
Graham’s defensive tests · 2 of 4 met
Graham’s numerical criteria for the defensive investor (The Intelligent Investor, ch. 14), run on the filings. A floor of safety, not a buy signal; many fine modern businesses fail his strictest liquidity rules by design.
- Adequate size —Revenue ≥ $2B (a dollar floor) · R$88.2B
What this means
Big enough to weather a storm. Graham's floor is a dollar figure — about $2B of revenue as a conservative modern stand-in. This company reports in its home currency and we carry no exchange rate, so we show the figure and leave the size bar for you to apply rather than convert it with a number we don't have.
- Strong liquidity MissCurrent ratio ≥ 2× · 0.96×
What this means
Current assets at least twice current liabilities, near-term bills covered without touching the business. Strict by design: many cash-rich modern firms run leaner and miss it, holding their cushion in longer-dated securities.
- Conservative debt —Debt ≤ working capital · —
What this means
The filings tag only a fraction of the debt this company's interest bill implies (much of it sits under segment dimensions the data source strips), so this test can't be run honestly.
- Earnings stability PassA profit every year (10-yr record) · no losses
What this means
Graham wanted earnings in each of the past ten years, the stability a defensive owner leans on.
- Dividend record MissUninterrupted dividends · 8 of 10 yrs
What this means
An unbroken dividend was Graham's mark of durability. He wanted twenty years; the filings show about ten, and a single suspension breaks the streak. Non-payers, many fine modern compounders, fall outside his defensive net by design.
- Earnings growth PassEarnings +33% over the record · +44%
What this means
At least a third more earnings than a decade ago, averaging three years at each end. Net income (not per-share), so stock splits don't distort it, buybacks and dilution show up in the share-count line instead.
- Moderate price —P/E ≤ 15 and P/E × P/B ≤ 22.5 · decided by the price
What this means
Graham's valuation gate, the wall he kept between a sound business and a sound investment. Three-year average earnings are R$0.94/share (latest year R$0.98), the averaged base the calculator's gate runs on, and book value is R$5.58/share. Enter a price in “What the price implies” just below for the P/E, P/B, and whether it clears. But this is the rule Buffett outgrew: there's no hard P/E law, and a wonderful business can deserve a far richer multiple if the thesis holds, treat it as the bargain-hunter's floor, not a verdict on the price.
Durability & moat, 2016–2025
Whether the record’s returns held, and what the capital reinvested earned.
- Profitable years 10 of 10
What this means
Never lost money over the record, the earnings stability Graham insisted on.
- Operating margin 35% → 25% (3-yr avg ends)
In the filing’s words The filing attributes gains to higher prices, but the margin in the record has not followed — the claim outruns the result here.
What this means
Through the cycle the operating margin slipped — about 35% early to 25% lately, median 26% — competition or costs are biting in.
- Owner earnings growth +6%/yr
What this means
Owner earnings grew about 6% a year over the record.
- Worst year 2022 · 22.2% op. margin
What this means
Stayed profitable even in its hardest year, the resilience that survives recessions.
- Share count −0.1%/yr
What this means
Roughly flat share count, little dilution, little buyback.
- Dividend record paid
What this means
Paid a dividend in 8 of the years on record.
Does AI threaten the moat?
Low contestabilityThe moat is physical, regulated or balance-sheet-funded, the kind AI cuts costs within but does not contest.
The filing raises AI among its risks, but in other terms (security, regulation, energy or the like), not as a competitor to its product.
AI is unlikely to contest a moat that is physical, regulated or balance-sheet-funded; here it reads more as a cost tool than a threat.
Read from the filing's own risk factors, paired with the industry's structure under its SIC code; the durability is read above, the price below.
All figures as filed; the source filing is linked above.
Current Position
as of fiscal year-end, Dec 31, 2025Can the business pay what it owes this year, off the freshest balance sheet: the quality of the assets, the debt actually coming due, and what a low ratio means here.
- Cash & short-term investmentsR$20.3B
- ReceivablesR$6.4B
- InventoryR$10.5B
- Other current assetsR$6.7B
- Accounts payableR$23.7B
- Other current liabilitiesR$21.9B
Its current ratio is below 1, which usually reads as strain; here it is likely structural strength. This business collects from customers before it pays suppliers (a negative cash-conversion cycle), so the balance sheet is funded by that float, the way Costco's and Amazon's are. The low ratio can be the edge, not the risk; the cash-conversion cycle and the debt due above say which.
From the company's latest filing.
How the cash was used, 2016–2025
Over the record, the business generated R$205.0B of operating cash; how management split it reads as a balanced allocator, splitting cash between the business, owners, and the balance sheet.
- ReinvestedR$50.1B · 24%
- DividendsR$18.4B · 9%
- BuybacksR$4.8B · 2%
- Retained (debt / cash)R$131.6B · 64%
- Returned to ownersR$23.2B
15% of the owner earnings the business produced over the span, R$18.4B as dividends and R$4.8B as buybacks.
- Average price paid for buybacks—
Buybacks ran R$4.8B over the span, but the filings don't tag the share count needed to deduce the average price paid.
- Net change in share count0.4%
The diluted count barely moved (15697M to 15762M): buybacks roughly offset the stock issued to staff.
- Dividend recordR$0.03/sh
Paid in 8 of the years on record, the per-share dividend shrinking about 29% a year. It was cut at least once along the way.
- Return on what it retained7%
Of the earnings it kept rather than paid out (R$102.3B over the span), annual owner earnings (first three years vs last three) grew R$7.0B, so each retained R$1 added about 0.07 of yearly owner earnings. Buffett's test, run on owner earnings instead of market value.
Buybacks are gross of stock issued to staff; the share-count line above is the net of that, the figure that decides whether owners gained. The average price paid blends a year of purchases (and any accelerated repurchase), so it is close, not exact. The record of where the cash went and on what terms.
Acquisitions & goodwill
from the balance sheet & the 10-year cash-flow recordGoodwill grows only when a company acquires and falls only when it concedes it overpaid. The size of that bet, the cash put into buying rather than building, and how much has already been written off.
None written down over the record; the goodwill is still carried at full cost. That is the deals holding their value on the books so far; whether they keep doing so is the test an owner watches, since the write-down, when it comes, is the admission the price was too high.
Goodwill, acquired intangibles and equity from the latest balance sheet; acquisition spend and write-downs summed across the 10-year record, from the company's own filings.
Inverting the record
Invert: instead of why Ambev S.A. is a good business, the question is what would make owning it a mistake, and whether those marks are in the record. Disconfirming tests across 2016–2025.
1 of the 4 tests turned up something to look into; the other 3 came back clean.
- Look hereIs it less profitable than it was?23.3% vs 27.0%
The owner-earnings margin averaged 27.0% early in the record and 23.3% across the last three years, and the latest year has not recovered. Ask the filing whether that is a structural drift or a cyclical trough — price, mix, cost, or a competitor — and whether it is permanent.
- Did the share count rise anyway?
- Did reported profit become cash?
- Did receivables and inventory outpace sales?
Each test is read from the filings and is noisy alone; a flag can mark a cyclical trough or a year of heavy investment as easily as a problem. The filing says which.
Peers, Beverages
The same industry, side by side on owner economics. Each figure is a through-cycle median, so a peak or trough year can’t distort it; the group median at the foot is the line to read each against.
| Company | Revenue | Gross margin | Op. margin | ROIC | Owner earn. margin |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PEPPepsiCo Inc. | $93.9B | 55% | 14.2% | 18% | 11% |
| ABEVAmbev S.A. | R$88.2B | 53% | 26.9% | — | 24% |
| ADMArcher-Daniels-Midland Company | $80.3B | 7% | 3.5% | 8% | -2% |
| BGBunge Limited | $70.3B | 6% | 3.7% | 14% | -1% |
| TSNTyson Foods Inc. | $54.4B | 12% | 7.2% | 10% | 4% |
| KOCoca-Cola Co. | $47.9B | 61% | 26.0% | 16% | 21% |
| MDLZMondelez International Inc. | $38.5B | 39% | 13.9% | 7% | 10% |
| KDPKeurig Dr Pepper Inc. | $16.6B | 55% | 21.3% | 5% | 18% |
| Group median | — | 46% | 14.1% | — | 10% |
The price
What a price has to assume.
What the price implies
reverse-DCFEnter the US price, in dollars: the NYSE/Nasdaq quote you hold. Per the filing's own cover, “each ADS representing one Ambev common”; Ambev S.A. reports in BRL, so every figure in this tool is stated per ADS and translated at BRL 1 = $0.197 (2026-07-17, reference rate) so your dollar quote reconciles exactly. The record tables elsewhere on this page remain as filed, in BRL.
Type today's close and see the owner-earnings growth you'd have to believe to justify it, beside what Ambev S.A. has delivered.
Through the cycle, Ambev S.A. earns about $4.2B on its 24.1% median owner-earnings margin. This year’s 22.5% margin runs in line with that. Normalize, below, values the price on that through-cycle figure rather than the latest year.
—
9.0% = the 4.55% 10-year Treasury (Jul 15, 2026) + 4.45 points of equity premium. The rate you require is yours to set.
Enter a price above to run it.
A dated snapshot of the price you typed, the assumptions you set, and what the page showed for them. A snapshot is never edited after it is saved. Your notebook is yours alone — the commitment states what is stored and what we will never do.
Graham capped the multiple at 15×; Buffett and Munger let that rule go: a wonderful business can deserve 50× if the thesis holds. The gate marks the bargain-hunter's floor.
Prefilled with the 10-year Treasury (4.55%, as of Jul 15, 2026). Edit it for today’s exact figure, or a AAA corporate yield.
Graham measured a stock against the bond you could own instead, the heart of his margin of safety. Enter a price above to weigh the owner-earnings yield against this bond.
Owner earnings $3.9B on 15762M shares outstanding, per the 20-F cover, as of 2025-12-31; net cash $3.6B. The base is the latest year by default; Normalize values it on the through-cycle median owner-earnings margin (to avoid paying on a peak year). Net of stock comp treats option pay as the expense it is. The dials set the multiple a growth belief justifies; the price, and every dollar on this page, is yours.
Manual order: ← AAUC its page in the Manual ABLV →
Industry order: the Beverages chapter BRCC →