Share count
613Mpeak FY2024
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INVH, Invitation Homes Inc.
Invitation Homes is a leading owner and operator of single-family homes for lease, offering residents high-quality homes in sought-after neighborhoods across the United States.
As of December 31, 2025, we wholly own 86,192 homes for lease, jointly own 8,006 homes for lease, and provide professional third-party property and asset management services for an additional 15,866 homes, all of which are primarily located in 16 core markets across the country.
The continued demand for our product proves that the choice and flexibility we offer are attractive to many people.
The business
What it sells, where the money comes from, the kind of company it is.
Revenue · FY2025
$2.7B
+4.2% YoY · 8% 5-yr CAGR
Vital signs · TTM, with 5-yr average
Revenue $2.8B 5-yr avg $2.4B
Revenue $44M +Infinity% vs yr-ago qtr
Net income $161M yr-ago $166M
Net margin 368.2%
The business in brief
read the 10-K →What this business is and what moves its needle, from its own SEC filings.
- What moves the needle
- Occupancy, rents, and the cost of debt. Read on funds from operations and net asset value, because GAAP depreciation distorts the earnings, and a property downturn meets a balance sheet built on leverage. On its own account, the filing leans hardest on pricing power & competition, set against the numbers in what the filing emphasizes, below.
- Is it a good business?
- Funds from operations per share have compounded about 24% a year across the record. The dividend takes 65% of FFO, and is covered. Debt is 47% of assets, moderate for a REIT. The quality and location of the properties, the lease terms and occupancy, and the cost of the debt are what the 10-K settles, and no single ratio captures them.
Every line is arithmetic on the company's filings, shown in full in the sections below.
The record
Ten years of arithmetic, read across the cycle.
The record, 2016–2025
realized figures from each filing · older years to the left| 2016’16 | 2017’17 | 2018’18 | 2019’19 | 2020’20 | 2021’21 | 2022’22 | 2023’23 | 2024’24 | 2025’25 | TTMTTMMar 2026 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Income statement | |||||||||||
| $923M | $1.1B | $1.7B | $1.8B | $1.8B | $2.0B | $2.2B | $2.4B | $2.6B | $2.7B | $2.8B | RevenueRevenue |
| ($78M) | ($105M) | ($5M) | $145M | $196M | $261M | $383M | $519M | $454M | $588M | $583M | Net incomeNet inc. |
| Cash flow & returns | |||||||||||
| $171M | $170M | $506M | $583M | $694M | $794M | $931M | $1.0B | $924M | $1.1B | $1.1B | Funds from operationsFFO |
| Balance sheet | |||||||||||
| 0% | 41% | 45% | 47% | 48% | 50% | 58% | 63% | 75% | 64% | 65% | Dividend payout (FFO)Payout |
| $9.8B | $18.4B | $18.2B | $18.2B | $18.8B | $20.0B | $20.7B | $21.6B | $22.1B | $22.8B | $22.8B | Real estate (gross)RE gross |
| $9.7B | $18.7B | $18.1B | $17.4B | $17.5B | $18.5B | $18.5B | $19.2B | $18.7B | $18.7B | $18.7B | Total assetsAssets |
| 54% | 52% | 51% | 49% | 46% | 43% | 42% | 44% | 44% | 45% | 47% | Debt / assetsDebt/assets |
| $5.3B | $9.7B | $9.2B | $8.5B | $8.0B | $8.0B | $7.8B | $8.5B | $8.2B | $8.4B | $8.8B | Total debtDebt |
| $5.1B | $9.5B | $9.1B | $8.4B | $7.8B | $7.4B | $7.5B | $7.8B | $8.0B | $8.3B | $8.7B | Net debt / (cash)Net debt |
| 0.7× | 0.5× | -0.2× | 0.1× | 0.3× | 0.7× | 1.0× | 1.1× | — | — | 0.7× | Interest coverageInt. cov. |
| $2.0B | $8.5B | $8.2B | $8.2B | $8.5B | $9.8B | $10.3B | $10.2B | $9.8B | $9.5B | $9.1B | Shareholders’ equityEquity |
| Per share | |||||||||||
| — | 519M | 520M | 532M | 555M | 579M | 611M | 613M | 614M | 613M | 606M | Shares out (diluted)Shares |
| — | $0.33 | $0.97 | $1.09 | $1.25 | $1.37 | $1.52 | $1.65 | $1.51 | $1.82 | $1.82 | FFO / shareFFO/sh |
| — | $0.13 | $0.44 | $0.52 | $0.60 | $0.68 | $0.88 | $1.04 | $1.12 | $1.16 | $1.19 | Dividends / shareDiv/sh |
| — | $16.37 | $15.81 | $15.43 | $15.31 | $16.92 | $16.84 | $16.56 | $15.90 | $15.54 | $15.00 | Book value / shareBVPS |
Per-share growththe realized rate an owner's share compounded
| 9-yr | 5-yr | |
|---|---|---|
| Revenue / share | +10.3%/yr (8-yr) | +6.3%/yr |
| Owner earnings / share | +18.4%/yr (8-yr) | +12.3%/yr |
| EPS | — | +22.1%/yr |
| Dividends / share | +31.1%/yr (8-yr) | +14.2%/yr |
| Capital spending / share | +24.8%/yr (8-yr) | −23.6%/yr |
| Book value / share | −0.6%/yr (8-yr) | +0.3%/yr |
The record, charted
FY2016–2025Each measure over its full record; the current point and the worst year marked.
Revenue
$2.7Blow FY2016
Quality & stewardship
Returns, the balance sheet, capital allocation, and pay.
Owner’s Scorecard
FY2025 10-K · source on SEC EDGAR →
Is it a good business?
- about $1.82 per shareNet income $588M + depreciation $747M − gains on sale $218M
What this means
GAAP net income with property depreciation added back, because the buildings a REIT charges against earnings usually hold or grow their value. This, not net income, is what a REIT is actually priced on. It is an approximation here: where a filing reports gains on property sales, we remove them, the way the NAREIT definition does.
- CoveredDividends $713M ÷ FFO $1.1BIndustry peers: median 64%
What this means
A REIT must distribute most of its taxable income, so a high payout is normal and the question is whether FFO covers it. Above 100%, the trust is funding the dividend with debt or asset sales, and a cut usually follows.
Is it sound?
- Debt / assets 45%ModerateTotal debt $8.4B ÷ assets $18.7BIndustry peers: median 40%
What this means
Every REIT runs on leverage; how much is the question. Heavy debt is what turns a property downturn into a wipeout, as 2008 showed, so a conservative balance sheet is part of the moat here, not a drag on it.
- Not enough data
What this means
Operating income or interest is missing, or operating income sits far below net income (a triple-net REIT's lease income bypasses the operating line), so an EBITDA coverage would mislead — read it on net income against the interest bill, and on debt / assets, instead.
Does AI threaten the moat?
Low contestabilityThe moat is physical, regulated or balance-sheet-funded, the kind AI cuts costs within but does not contest.
In its own filing Named as a competitive risk
Its FY2025 10-K names artificial intelligence as a competitive threat.
“Our competitors or other third parties may incorporate generative AI into their information systems and operations more quickly or more successfully than us, which could impair our ability to compete effectively and adversely affect our results of operations.”
AI is unlikely to contest a moat that is physical, regulated or balance-sheet-funded; here it reads more as a cost tool than a threat, and the company is using it that way.
Read from the filing's own risk factors, paired with the industry's structure under its SIC code; the durability is read above, the price below.
All figures as filed; the source filing is linked above.
Management, ownership & pay
read the proxy →From the proxy: how much of the business the people running it own, and how they are paid, beside what the business earned for its owners in the same years.
| Fiscal year | Chief executive | Pay, as filed | “Actually paid” | Owner earnings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | Dallas B. Tanner | $9.7M | $31.9M | $830M |
| 2022 | Dallas B. Tanner | $14.2M | −$4.0M | $901M |
| 2023 | Dallas B. Tanner | $10.4M | $18.5M | $1.1B |
| 2024 | Dallas B. Tanner | $11.0M | $4.9M | $1.1B |
| 2025 | Dallas B. Tanner | $14.1M | −$578k | $1.2B |
Both pay figures are the company’s own, from the pay-versus-performance table its proxy statement files. “As filed” is the Summary Compensation Table total: salary, bonus, and equity awards at their value on the day of grant. “Actually paid” is the SEC’s prescribed recalculation, which re-marks those equity awards to what they became as they vested; it can swing far above or below the filed figure in either direction, and negative years occur. Owner earnings are the whole business's, from the record above, for the same fiscal years.
- Insider ownership<1%
The stake all directors and executive officers hold together, per the 2026 proxy: skin in the game, the first thing Munger reads.
- CEO pay ratio185:1
What the chief earns for every dollar the median employee makes, per the 2026 proxy. A high ratio alone settles nothing; some businesses are genuinely top-heavy in scarce skill. A runaway figure is where Buffett starts asking whether the board is doing its job.
- Stock-based compensation$28M
The slice of the business handed to employees in shares this year, 1% of revenue, equal to 24% of operating profit. Buffett's oldest accounting fight: this is compensation, compensation is an expense, real whether or not the headline earnings admit it. One trap: the cash-flow statement adds SBC back, so the operating cash, and the owner earnings drawn from it, are flattered by exactly this amount; counted as the cost it is, what an owner keeps is lower.
What an owner would ask, FY2025
read the 10-K →- Which reported numbers are a judgment call?Management names Acquisitions, Stock compensation as critical estimates
each rests partly on management's judgment; the filing's note sets out the assumptionsverify →
The questions the record and the charts do not answer on their own; each carries the figure and the place to look.
Peers, Residential REITs
The same industry, side by side on the REIT lens. Each figure is a through-cycle median, so a peak or trough year can’t distort it; the group median at the foot is the line to read each against.
| Company | Revenue | FFO margin | FFO / assets | Payout (FFO) | Debt / assets |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EQREquity Residential | $3.1B | 47% | 6.2% | 69% | 40% |
| AVBAvalonBay Communities Inc. | $3.0B | 54% | 6.7% | 65% | 40% |
| INVHInvitation Homes Inc. | $2.7B | 37% | 4.1% | 49% | 45% |
| SUISun Communities Inc. | $2.3B | 34% | 5.2% | — | 44% |
| MAAMid-America Apartment Communities Inc. | $2.2B | 51% | 8.9% | 55% | 40% |
| ESSEssex Property Trust Inc. | $1.9B | 59% | 7.1% | — | 47% |
| AMHAmerican Homes 4 Rent | $1.9B | 34% | 4.2% | 26% | 35% |
| CPTCamden Property Trust | $1.6B | 48% | 7.7% | 64% | 40% |
| Group median | — | 48% | 6.4% | 59% | 40% |
The price
What a price has to assume.
What the price implies
price / FFOA REIT is priced on a multiple of its funds from operations (FFO), the cash it earns once the depreciation on its buildings is added back. Type today’s price; we show the multiple you would pay and the income and growth it implies.
$
The assumptions
FFO / share, delivered7%/yr’20→’25
The justified multiple is 1 ÷ (required return − growth), a perpetuity on FFO. At an 8% required return and 3% growth, a REIT is worth about 20× FFO.
Enter a price above to run it.
Price / FFO—
Justified by growth—
Dividend yield—
A dated snapshot of the price you typed, the assumptions you set, and what the page showed for them. A snapshot is never edited after it is saved. Your notebook is yours alone — the commitment states what is stored and what we will never do.
FFO about $1.82 per share on 594M shares. The dials set the multiple they justify; your price sets the multiple you are paying. FFO here adds back depreciation and removes property-sale gains, the NAREIT method; it does not net out maintenance capex (AFFO), occupancy or lease terms, which the 10-K does.
Cite: Owner Scorecard, "Invitation Homes Inc. (INVH), the owner's record," https://ownerscorecard.com/c/INVH, data as of 2026-07-09.
Manual order: ← INVA its page in the Manual INVX →
Industry order: ← IIPR the Real Estate Development & Services chapter IRS →