Share count
357Mpeak FY2025
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IOVA, Iovance Biotherapeutics Inc.
Our multi-center trials, scalable manufacturing, regulatory approvals and commercial infrastructure have transformed TIL cell therapy from a research product available to only a small number of patients, into a commercially viable treatment that is accessible for thousands of cancer patients.
TIL cell therapies harness the individual immune system's ability to recognize and destroy diverse cancer cells that are unique to each patient.
Our two commercial products include Amtagvi (lifileucel) and Proleukin (aldesleukin), an interleukin-2, or IL-2, product used in the Amtagvi treatment regimen and other applications.
The business
What it sells, where the money comes from, the kind of company it is.
Revenue · FY2025
$264M
+60.6% YoY
Vital signs · TTM
The business in brief
read the 10-K →What this business is and what moves its needle, from its own SEC filings.
- What it is
- Revenue is Amtagvi (83%) and PROLEUKIN (17%).
- Situation
- Unprofitable. No sustained operating profit across the record; an earnings multiple has nothing to rest on. What the record does show is revenue, the gross-margin trajectory, and the burn against the cash on hand.
- What moves the needle
- Operating margin has run around −241% through the cycle on a 34% gross margin, the operating line deeply negative — so the lever is the path to a margin at all: revenue growth against the cost curve and the cash runway, not the level of a margin that isn't there yet. Stock-based pay runs about 67% of sales, a real and recurring claim on owners that the GAAP margin understates. Read this kind of business on the pipeline against the patent cliff, and pricing. On its own account, the filing leans hardest on pricing power & competition, set against the numbers in what the filing emphasizes, below.
- Is it a good business?
- Return on capital has rarely cleared the cost of capital (median −65%, above 15% in 0 of 8 years). Owner earnings, the cash-based check, have been thin too. This is price-taker territory, where the balance sheet and the cycle matter more than any multiple; the rest is in the 10-K.
Every line is arithmetic on the company's filings, shown in full in the sections below.
Where the money comes from
read the 10-K →Amtagvi is 83% of revenue, with PROLEUKIN the other meaningful line at 17%.
Revenue by product line, FY2025
- Amtagvi83%$220M
- PROLEUKIN17%$43M
By geographyUnited States98%International2%
From the segment footnote of the company's own 10-K. Shares are of total revenue; the profit bar shows each segment's share of segment operating profit, before unallocated corporate costs.
The record
Ten years of arithmetic, read across the cycle.
The record, 2013–2025
realized figures from each filing · older years to the left| 2013’13 | 2014’14 | 2015’15 | 2016’16 | 2017’17 | 2018’18 | 2023’23 | 2024’24 | 2025’25 | TTMTTMMar 2026 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Income statement | ||||||||||
| $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $1M | $164M | $264M | $286M | RevenueRevenue |
| — | — | — | — | — | — | 13% | 43% | 34% | 39% | Gross marginGross mgn |
| — | — | — | — | — | — | n/m | 93% | 58% | 52% | SG&A / revenueSG&A/rev |
| — | — | — | — | — | — | n/m | 168% | 114% | 100% | R&D / revenueR&D/rev |
| ($23M) | ($12M) | ($28M) | ($54M) | ($93M) | ($128M) | ($461M) | ($395M) | ($403M) | ($363M) | Operating incomeOp. inc. |
| — | — | — | — | — | — | n/m | −240.9% | −153.1% | −127.2% | Operating marginOp. mgn |
| ($25M) | ($12M) | ($28M) | ($53M) | ($92M) | ($124M) | ($444M) | ($372M) | ($391M) | ($354M) | Net incomeNet inc. |
| Cash flow & returns | ||||||||||
| ($4M) | $9M | ($18M) | ($33M) | ($79M) | ($101M) | ($362M) | ($353M) | ($302M) | ($271M) | Operating cash flowOp. cash |
| $7K | $88K | $999K | $978K | $952K | $956K | $12M | $11M | $13M | $13M | DepreciationDeprec. |
| $19M | $17M | ($243K) | $344K | $435K | $1M | $8M | ($102M) | $14M | $20M | Working capital & otherWC & other |
| $13K | $2M | $1M | $2M | $1M | $1M | $22M | $11M | $34M | $34M | CapexCapex |
| — | — | — | — | — | — | n/m | 6.7% | 12.8% | 12.0% | Capex / revenueCapex/rev |
| ($4M) | $7M | ($20M) | ($34M) | ($80M) | ($102M) | ($384M) | ($364M) | ($336M) | ($305M) | Owner earningsOwner earn. |
| — | — | — | — | — | — | n/m | −221.9% | −127.6% | −106.8% | Owner earnings marginOE mgn |
| ($4M) | $7M | ($20M) | ($34M) | ($80M) | ($102M) | ($384M) | ($364M) | ($336M) | ($305M) | Free cash flowFCF |
| — | — | — | — | — | — | n/m | −221.9% | −127.6% | −106.8% | Free cash flow marginFCF mgn |
| -248% | — | -31% | -70% | -67938% | -26% | -77% | -52% | -60% | -54% | ROICROIC |
| -144% | -27% | -27% | -32% | -63% | -27% | -76% | -52% | -56% | -49% | Return on equityROE |
| −144% | −27% | −27% | −32% | −63% | −27% | −76% | −52% | −56% | −49% | Retained to equityRetained/eq |
| Balance sheet | ||||||||||
| $20M | $45M | $104M | $166M | $145M | $469M | $280M | $324M | $297M | $313M | Cash & investmentsCash+inv |
| — | — | — | — | — | — | $151K | $69M | $82M | $82M | ReceivablesReceiv. |
| — | — | — | — | — | — | $10M | $52M | $52M | $58M | InventoryInvent. |
| $413K | $1M | $958K | $863K | $1M | $3M | $33M | $28M | $22M | $37M | Accounts payablePayables |
| — | — | — | — | — | — | ($23M) | $93M | $112M | $103M | Operating working capitalOper. WC |
| $20M | $45M | $104M | $170M | $149M | $475M | $308M | $457M | $443M | $467M | Current assetsCur. assets |
| $2M | $2M | $2M | $5M | $10M | $14M | $110M | $122M | $138M | $129M | Current liabilitiesCur. liab. |
| 8.7× | 27.1× | 63.8× | 34.1× | 15.6× | 33.0× | 2.8× | 3.7× | 3.2× | 3.6× | Current ratioCurr. ratio |
| $20M | $47M | $106M | $172M | $155M | $481M | $780M | $910M | $913M | $926M | Total assetsAssets |
| $9M | — | — | — | — | — | $1M | $1M | — | $9M | Total debtDebt |
| ($10M) | — | — | — | — | — | ($279M) | ($323M) | — | ($304M) | Net debt / (cash)Net debt |
| $18M | $45M | $104M | $167M | $145M | $466M | $585M | $710M | $699M | $722M | Shareholders’ equityEquity |
| — | — | — | — | — | — | n/m | 66.8% | 23.4% | 17.5% | Stock comp / revenueSBC/rev |
| Per share | ||||||||||
| 9.8M | 25.0M | 44.4M | 55.3M | 65.2M | 97.3M | 235M | 290M | 357M | 419K | Shares out (diluted)Shares |
| $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.01 | $0.57 | $0.74 | $682.44 | Revenue / shareRev/sh |
| $-2.60 | $-0.48 | $-0.62 | $-0.96 | $-1.41 | $-1.27 | $-1.89 | $-1.28 | $-1.09 | $-845.52 | EPS (diluted)EPS |
| $-0.38 | $0.28 | $-0.44 | $-0.62 | $-1.22 | $-1.05 | $-1.63 | $-1.26 | $-0.94 | $-728.82 | Owner earnings / shareOE/sh |
| $-0.38 | $0.28 | $-0.44 | $-0.62 | $-1.22 | $-1.05 | $-1.63 | $-1.26 | $-0.94 | $-728.82 | Free cash flow / shareFCF/sh |
| $0.00 | $0.06 | $0.03 | $0.03 | $0.02 | $0.01 | $0.09 | $0.04 | $0.09 | $81.80 | Cap. spending / shareCapex/sh |
| $1.80 | $1.79 | $2.34 | $3.02 | $2.23 | $4.79 | $2.49 | $2.45 | $1.95 | $1724.58 | Book value / shareBVPS |
The diluted share count moved ×2.56 into 2014 — shares issued, not a split the totals corroborate — and the per-share figures carry the counts as filed.
The diluted share count moved ×1.78 into 2015 — shares issued, not a split the totals corroborate — and the per-share figures carry the counts as filed.
The diluted share count moved ×1.49 into 2018 — shares issued, not a split the totals corroborate — and the per-share figures carry the counts as filed.
The diluted share count moved ×2.42 into 2023 — shares issued, not a split the totals corroborate — and the per-share figures carry the counts as filed.
The diluted share count moved ×1/853.85 into TTM — shares retired, not a split the totals corroborate — and the per-share figures carry the counts as filed.
Per-share growththe realized rate an owner's share compounded
| 12-yr | 5-yr | |
|---|---|---|
| Revenue / share | — | +1107.6%/yr (2-yr) |
| Capital spending / share | +42.7%/yr | −0.1%/yr (2-yr) |
| Book value / share | +0.7%/yr | −11.3%/yr (2-yr) |
The record, charted
FY2013–2025Each measure over its full record; the current point and the worst year marked.
ROIC
−60%low FY2017
Gross margin
34%low FY2023
Owner earnings vs. net income
Owner earningsNet incomeThe accountant's number, and the cash an owner can take; the gap is the tell.
($336M)owner earningsvs.($391M)net incomelow FY2023
Net income is the accountant's number; owner earnings is the cash an owner could take out. The walk between them, off the cash-flow statement, and whether the gap is widening or holding.
In fiscal 2025 the business turned a $391M loss into ($336M) of owner earnings: more cash than the profit line showed, after the non-cash charges and the capital it put back in.
| FY2025 | FY2024 | FY2023 | FY2018 | FY2017 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reported net income | ($391M) | ($372M) | ($444M) | ($124M) | ($92M) |
| Depreciation & amortizationnon-cash charge added back | +$13M | +$11M | +$12M | +$956K | +$952K |
| Stock-based compensationreal costnon-cash, but a real cost | +$62M | +$110M | +$63M | +$20M | +$12M |
| Working capital & othertiming of cash in and out, other non-cash items | +$14M | −$102M | +$8M | +$1M | +$435K |
| Cash from operations | ($302M) | ($353M) | ($362M) | ($101M) | ($79M) |
| Capital expenditurecash put back in to keep running and to grow | −$34M | −$11M | −$22M | −$1M | −$1M |
| Owner earnings | ($336M) | ($364M) | ($384M) | ($102M) | ($80M) |
| Owner-earnings marginowner earnings ÷ revenue | -128% | -222% | -32305% | — | — |
Owner earnings is the cash an owner could pull out without starving the business: operating cash less the capital it must spend to hold its position . The cash-flow statement also adds stock comp back as non-cash, but it is a real cost paid in shares; counted as the expense it is (less $62M), owner earnings is nearer ($398M).
Maintenance capex is estimated as depreciation where a growing business invests above it; free cash flow is the figure the scorecard's free-cash margin reads.
Quality & stewardship
Returns, the balance sheet, capital allocation, and pay.
Owner’s Scorecard
FY2025 10-K · source on SEC EDGAR →
Will it survive?
- No meaningful interest burdenLittle or no interest expense reported
What this means
Little or no interest expense reported, the business isn't leaning on lenders to operate.
- Net cashCash $163M + ST investments $134M − debt $9M
What this means
Cash and short-term investments exceed every dollar of debt by $288M, on net the company owes nothing, and can act from strength when others can't. Net debt is the leverage figure that matters: the cash is already set against the debt. Strategic or illiquid investments aren't counted here.
- Long (60+ days)DSO 114 + DIO 109 − DPO 47 days
What this means
Days cash is tied up between paying suppliers and collecting from customers. Lower is better; a long cycle means growth itself eats cash.
Is it a good business?
- Below average through the cycle8-yr median, range -67938%–-26%; -58% latest = NOPAT ($319M) ÷ invested capital $545MIndustry peers: median -39%
What this means
The rate the business earns on the money tied up in it, Buffett's north star, because over time a stock tracks the ROIC beneath it. Above ~15% sustained hints at a moat; a return below the cost of capital (~8%) erodes value as a business grows rather than building it — the test Buffett weighs most. The headline is the median of the last 8 years (it ran -58% most recently), so one peak or trough year doesn't set the verdict. Asset-light businesses (R&D expensed, little capital) read artificially high, pair this with Owner Earnings.
- Owner-earnings margin -222%Consumes cash through the cycle3-yr median margin, range -32305%–-128%; latest ($336M) = operating cash ($302M) − maintenance capex $34MIndustry peers: median -92%
What this means
What an owner could take out without starving the business: operating cash less the maintenance capital it must spend to hold its position — Buffett's owner earnings. That's -128% of revenue this year, a -222% median across 3 years. Treating stock comp as the real expense it is (less $62M of SBC) leaves ($398M).
- Are earnings backed by cash? ($302M)Loss, and burning cashNet income ($391M) · cash from operations ($302M)
What this means
The company reported a net loss, so a conversion ratio isn't meaningful. What matters then is whether operations still threw off cash, here, they did not.
How is the cash used?
- Not enough data
What this means
The filing data didn't include the inputs for this check.
- Investing or harvesting? 2.63×ExpandingCapex $34M ÷ depreciation $13M
What this means
Descriptive, not a grade. Above ~1× means investing faster than assets wear out (growth, or, sustained for years, today's earnings carrying less depreciation than tomorrow's will). Below means spending less than it's wearing out (efficiency, or a melting asset base). The ratio won't tell you which; the filings will.
Graham’s defensive tests · 2 of 5 met
Graham’s numerical criteria for the defensive investor (The Intelligent Investor, ch. 14), run on the filings. A floor of safety, not a buy signal; many fine modern businesses fail his strictest liquidity rules by design.
- Adequate size MissRevenue ≥ $2B · $264M
What this means
Big enough to weather a storm. Graham's 1972 floor was ~$100M of sales (≈ $700M today); we use a $2B revenue line as a conservative modern stand-in.
- Strong liquidity PassCurrent ratio ≥ 2× · 3.20×
What this means
Current assets at least twice current liabilities, near-term bills covered without touching the business. Strict by design: many cash-rich modern firms run leaner and miss it, holding their cushion in longer-dated securities.
- Conservative debt PassDebt ≤ working capital · $9M vs $304M WC
What this means
Graham's rule that borrowings not exceed net current assets. Capital-heavy and buyback-heavy firms routinely fail it, read it next to interest coverage, not alone.
- Earnings stability MissA profit every year (9-yr record) · 9 loss years
What this means
Graham wanted earnings in each of the past ten years, the stability a defensive owner leans on.
- Dividend record MissUninterrupted dividends · none paid
What this means
An unbroken dividend was Graham's mark of durability. He wanted twenty years; the filings show about ten, and a single suspension breaks the streak. Non-payers, many fine modern compounders, fall outside his defensive net by design.
- Earnings growth —Earnings +33% over the record · —
What this means
Earnings were negative early in the record, a growth rate isn't meaningful.
- Moderate price —P/E ≤ 15 and P/E × P/B ≤ 22.5 · decided by the price
What this means
Graham's valuation gate, the wall he kept between a sound business and a sound investment. Three-year average earnings are $-0.90/share (latest year $-0.88), the averaged base the calculator's gate runs on, and book value is $1.56/share. Enter a price in “What the price implies” just below for the P/E, P/B, and whether it clears. But this is the rule Buffett outgrew: there's no hard P/E law, and a wonderful business can deserve a far richer multiple if the thesis holds, treat it as the bargain-hunter's floor, not a verdict on the price.
Durability & moat, 2013–2025
Whether the record’s returns held, and what the capital reinvested earned.
- Profitable years 0 of 9
What this means
Lost money in 9 year(s), look at what happened there before trusting the average.
- Return on capital ≥ 15% 0 of 3 yrs
What this means
A moat shows up as a high return on invested capital that holds year after year, not one good vintage.
- Operating margin −241% (median, 3 yrs)
In the filing’s words The record and the words agree: the margin widened and the filing attributes the gain to its own pricing, not volume alone.
What this means
Over the 3 years on record the operating margin has run around −241% — too short a record to call a through-cycle trend, but that is the level the business earns at.
- Reinvestment, incremental ROIC returns capital
What this means
The capital base barely grew: this business returns cash through dividends and buybacks rather than reinvesting. Judge it on the cash returned, not on compounding.
- Worst year 2023 · −38735.0% op. margin
What this means
Operations went underwater in 2023, understand why before trusting the good years.
- How management talks about it Promotional
What this means
The record is compounding, but the filing leans on a promoter’s vocabulary rather than the per-share, return-on-capital terms an owner uses. The results back the talk here; the register is still worth noting.
Does AI threaten the moat?
Low contestabilityThe moat is physical, regulated or balance-sheet-funded, the kind AI cuts costs within but does not contest.
In its own filing A competitive risk, new this year
Its FY2025 10-K names artificial intelligence as a competitive threat, in language that was not in the prior year's filing.
“If we fail to obtain protection for intellectual property rights for any of our intellectual property that may incorporate or be developed using AI technologies, or later have our intellectual property rights invalidated or otherwise diminished, our competitors may be able to take advantage of our research and developm…”
AI is unlikely to contest a moat that is physical, regulated or balance-sheet-funded; here it reads more as a cost tool than a threat.
Read from the filing's own risk factors, paired with the industry's structure under its SIC code; the durability is read above, the price below.
All figures as filed; the source filing is linked above.
Current Position
as of the latest quarter, Mar 31, 2026Can the business pay what it owes this year, off the freshest balance sheet: the quality of the assets, the debt actually coming due, and what a low ratio means here.
Current assets$467M
- Cash & short-term investments$313M
- Receivables$82M
- Inventory$58M
- Other current assets$13M
Current liabilities$129M
- Accounts payable$37M
- Other current liabilities$92M
Current ratio3.60×all current assets ÷ what's due · Graham looked for 2×
Quick ratio3.15×stricter: inventory excluded
Cash ratio2.42×strictest: cash alone against what's due
Working capital$337Mthe cushion left after near-term bills
Cash runway1.0 yrsthe business is consuming cash; this is how long the cash on hand lasts at that rate
Revenue, latest quarter vs. a year ago+44.8%the freshest read on whether the business is still growing
Current ratio, recent quarters5.2× → 3.6×
Deeper floors
Tangible book value$453Mequity stripped of goodwill & intangibles
Net current asset value$263MGraham's net-net: current assets less all liabilities
Debt incl. operating leases$47M$47M of it operating leases
From the company's latest filing.
Management, ownership & pay
read the proxy →From the proxy: how much of the business the people running it own, and how they are paid, beside what the business earned for its owners in the same years.
| Fiscal year | Chief executive | Pay, as filed | “Actually paid” | Owner earnings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | Frederick G. Vogt, Ph.D., J.D. | $3.2M | $3.2M | — |
| 2021 | Frederick G. Vogt, Ph.D., J.D. | $7.0M | −$2.5M | — |
| 2022 | Frederick G. Vogt, Ph.D., J.D. | $5.3M | −$173k | — |
| 2023 | Frederick G. Vogt, Ph.D., J.D. | $4.8M | $5.2M | ($384M) |
| 2024 | Frederick G. Vogt, Ph.D., J.D. | $11.0M | $7.0M | ($364M) |
| 2025 | Frederick G. Vogt, Ph.D., J.D. | $1.9M | −$1.6M | ($336M) |
Both pay figures are the company’s own, from the pay-versus-performance table its proxy statement files. “As filed” is the Summary Compensation Table total: salary, bonus, and equity awards at their value on the day of grant. “Actually paid” is the SEC’s prescribed recalculation, which re-marks those equity awards to what they became as they vested; it can swing far above or below the filed figure in either direction, and negative years occur. Owner earnings are the whole business's, from the record above, for the same fiscal years.
- Insider ownership7.8%
The stake all directors and executive officers hold together, per the 2026 proxy: skin in the game, the first thing Munger reads.
- Stock-based compensation$62M
The slice of the business handed to employees in shares this year, 23% of revenue. Buffett's oldest accounting fight: this is compensation, compensation is an expense, real whether or not the headline earnings admit it. One trap: the cash-flow statement adds SBC back, so the operating cash, and the owner earnings drawn from it, are flattered by exactly this amount; counted as the cost it is, what an owner keeps is lower.
Peers, Biotechnology
The same industry, side by side on owner economics. Each figure is a through-cycle median, so a peak or trough year can’t distort it; the group median at the foot is the line to read each against.
| Company | Revenue | Gross margin | Op. margin | ROIC | Owner earn. margin |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IMCRImmunocore Holdings plc | $400M | 99% | -23.9% | — | -3% |
| KRYSKrystal Biotech | $389M | — | 22.6% | -21% | 41% |
| TWSTTwist Bioscience Corporation | $377M | 38% | -115.4% | -51% | -92% |
| ADPTAdaptive Biotechnologies Corporation | $277M | 68% | -108.0% | -32% | -97% |
| VCELVericel Corporation | $276M | 67% | -4.7% | -4% | 10% |
| IOVAIovance Biotherapeutics Inc. | $264M | 34% | -240.9% | -65% | -222% |
| RGNXREGENXBIO Inc. | $170M | 68% | -256.6% | -47% | -203% |
| DNAGinkgo Bioworks Holdings Inc. | $170M | — | -246.5% | -351% | -105% |
| Group median | — | 68% | -111.7% | -47% | -95% |
The price
What a price has to assume.
What the price implies
reverse-DCFIovance Biotherapeutics Inc. is profitable, but owner earnings are negative this year because capital spending currently outruns operating cash, a build-out, so the owner-earnings reverse-DCF has no positive base to grow. We read the price from both ends instead: type a price to see the steady-state profitability it demands, then set the mature margin you would believe and weigh the two against each other. Nothing leaves your browser unless you enter it in your notebook.
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The assumptions
Enter a price to run it.
Owner earnings it must reach—
Margin the price demands—
Owner-earnings margin today−107%
A dated snapshot of the price you typed, the assumptions you set, and what the page showed for them. A snapshot is never edited after it is saved. Your notebook is yours alone — the commitment states what is stored and what we will never do.
Two reads of one future. From your price: the owner earnings the company must reach, valued at a mature multiple and discounted back at your rate, expressed as the margin it implies on revenue grown at your rate. From your belief: the mature margin you would credit, set on the dial above. When the margin the price demands runs above the one you would believe, you are paying for a future taken on faith. For a deep cyclical at a trough, normalized through-cycle earnings are the better lens; this mode is for the genuinely unprofitable, and for the profitable business whose capital spending currently outruns its cash.
Cite: Owner Scorecard, "Iovance Biotherapeutics Inc. (IOVA), the owner's record," https://ownerscorecard.com/c/IOVA, data as of 2026-07-09.
Manual order: ← IOT its page in the Manual IP →
Industry order: ← INBX the Biotechnology chapter IPHA →