Share count
2Mpeak FY2022
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EUDA, EUDA Health Holdings Limited
A healthcare-services business, paid to deliver or facilitate care.
The business
What it sells, where the money comes from, the kind of company it is.
Revenue · FY2025
$7M
+70.0% YoY · 11% 4-yr CAGR
Vital signs · TTM, with 5-yr average
Revenue $7M 5-yr avg $5M
The business in brief
read the 10-K →What this business is and what moves its needle, from its own SEC filings.
- Situation
- Unprofitable. No meaningful revenue yet; the record is the cash on hand against the burn.
- What moves the needle
- Operating margin has run around −107% through the cycle on a 23% gross margin, the operating line deeply negative — so the lever is the path to a margin at all: revenue growth against the cost curve and the cash runway, not the level of a margin that isn't there yet. Read this kind of business on volume, payer mix and reimbursement. On its own account, the filing leans hardest on customer concentration, set against the numbers in what the filing emphasizes, below.
Every line is arithmetic on the company's filings, shown in full in the sections below.
Where the money comes from
read the 20-F →Singapore is 71% of revenue, so this is largely a single-region business.
Revenue by geography, FY2025
- Singapore71%$5M
- Malaysia29%$2M
From the segment footnote of the company's own 20-F. Shares are of total revenue; the profit bar shows each segment's share of segment operating profit, before unallocated corporate costs.
The record
Ten years of arithmetic, read across the cycle.
The record, 2021–2025
realized figures from each filing · older years to the left| 2021’21 | 2022’22 | 2023’23 | 2024’24 | 2025’25 | TTMTTMDec 2025 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Income statement | ||||||
| $5M | $4M | $4M | $4M | $7M | $7M | RevenueRevenue |
| 27% | 23% | 23% | 19% | 44% | 44% | Gross marginGross mgn |
| ($560K) | ($12M) | ($4M) | ($17M) | ($2M) | ($2M) | Operating incomeOp. inc. |
| −12.3% | −324.6% | −106.9% | −432.2% | −36.3% | −36.3% | Operating marginOp. mgn |
| $900K | ($25M) | ($10M) | ($15M) | ($3M) | ($3M) | Net incomeNet inc. |
| Cash flow & returns | ||||||
| $444K | ($2M) | ($3M) | ($2M) | ($2M) | ($2M) | Operating cash flowOp. cash |
| $5K | $172K | $119K | $173K | $195K | $195K | DepreciationDeprec. |
| ($461K) | $23M | $7M | $13M | $146K | $146K | Working capital & otherWC & other |
| $1K | $18K | — | $97K | $77K | $77K | CapexCapex |
| 0.0% | 0.5% | — | 2.4% | 1.1% | 1.1% | Capex / revenueCapex/rev |
| $443K | ($2M) | — | ($2M) | ($3M) | ($3M) | Owner earningsOwner earn. |
| 9.7% | −41.0% | — | −53.1% | −36.7% | −36.7% | Owner earnings marginOE mgn |
| $443K | ($2M) | — | ($2M) | ($3M) | ($3M) | Free cash flowFCF |
| 9.7% | −41.0% | — | −53.1% | −36.7% | −36.7% | Free cash flow marginFCF mgn |
| Balance sheet | ||||||
| $190K | $58K | $189K | $376K | — | $376K | Cash & investmentsCash+inv |
| $2M | $193K | $237K | $146K | $243K | $243K | ReceivablesReceiv. |
| — | — | — | $129K | $3K | $3K | InventoryInvent. |
| $360K | $2M | $1K | $26K | $14K | $14K | Accounts payablePayables |
| $1M | ($1M) | $236K | $249K | $231K | $231K | Operating working capitalOper. WC |
| $4M | $25M | $723K | $763K | $1M | $1M | Current assetsCur. assets |
| $7M | $29M | $9M | $4M | $6M | $6M | Current liabilitiesCur. liab. |
| 0.6× | 0.9× | 0.1× | 0.2× | 0.2× | 0.2× | Current ratioCurr. ratio |
| $993K | — | $0 | $0 | — | $0 | GoodwillGoodwill |
| $8M | $26M | $1M | $2M | $2M | $2M | Total assetsAssets |
| ($190K) | ($58K) | ($189K) | ($376K) | — | ($376K) | Net debt / (cash)Net debt |
| — | — | -170.6× | -386.2× | -10.8× | -10.8× | Interest coverageInt. cov. |
| $521K | ($4M) | ($7M) | ($3M) | ($4M) | ($4M) | Shareholders’ equityEquity |
| Per share | ||||||
| 9.3M | 12.0M | 1.1M | 1.6M | 1.9M | 1.9M | Shares out (diluted)Shares |
| $0.49 | $0.31 | $3.24 | $2.47 | $3.65 | $3.61 | Revenue / shareRev/sh |
| $0.10 | $-2.07 | $-8.76 | $-9.48 | $-1.48 | $-1.46 | EPS (diluted)EPS |
| $0.05 | $-0.13 | — | $-1.31 | $-1.34 | $-1.32 | Owner earnings / shareOE/sh |
| $0.05 | $-0.13 | — | $-1.31 | $-1.34 | $-1.32 | Free cash flow / shareFCF/sh |
| $0.00 | $0.00 | — | $0.06 | $0.04 | $0.04 | Cap. spending / shareCapex/sh |
| $0.06 | $-0.29 | $-6.55 | $-1.57 | $-2.28 | $-2.25 | Book value / shareBVPS |
The diluted share count moved ×1/10.51 into 2023 — shares retired, not a split the totals corroborate — and the per-share figures carry the counts as filed.
The diluted share count moved ×1.42 into 2024 — shares issued, not a split the totals corroborate — and the per-share figures carry the counts as filed.
Per-share growththe realized rate an owner's share compounded
| 4-yr | 5-yr | |
|---|---|---|
| Revenue / share | +65.0%/yr | +65.0%/yr (4-yr) |
| Capital spending / share | +331.8%/yr | +331.8%/yr (4-yr) |
The record, charted
FY2021–2025Each measure over its full record; the current point and the worst year marked.
Gross margin
44%low FY2024
Owner earnings vs. net income
Owner earningsNet incomeThe accountant's number, and the cash an owner can take; the gap is the tell.
($3M)owner earningsvs.($3M)net incomelow FY2025
Net income is the accountant's number; owner earnings is the cash an owner could take out. The walk between them, off the cash-flow statement, and whether the gap is widening or holding.
In fiscal 2025 the business turned a $3M loss into ($3M) of owner earnings: more cash than the profit line showed, after the non-cash charges and the capital it put back in.
| FY2025 | FY2024 | FY2022 | FY2021 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reported net income | ($3M) | ($15M) | ($25M) | $900K |
| Depreciation & amortizationnon-cash charge added back | +$195K | +$173K | +$172K | +$5K |
| Working capital & othertiming of cash in and out, other non-cash items | +$146K | +$13M | +$23M | −$461K |
| Cash from operations | ($2M) | ($2M) | ($2M) | $444K |
| Capital expenditurecash put back in to keep running and to grow | −$77K | −$97K | −$18K | −$1K |
| Owner earnings | ($3M) | ($2M) | ($2M) | $443K |
| Owner-earnings marginowner earnings ÷ revenue | -37% | -53% | -41% | 10% |
Owner earnings is the cash an owner could pull out without starving the business: operating cash less the capital it must spend to hold its position .
Maintenance capex is estimated as depreciation where a growing business invests above it; free cash flow is the figure the scorecard's free-cash margin reads.
Quality & stewardship
Returns, the balance sheet, capital allocation, and pay.
Owner’s Scorecard
FY2025 20-F · source on SEC EDGAR →
Will it survive?
- Can it pay its interest? -10.8×Does not cover its interestOperating income ($2M) ÷ interest expense $229K
What this means
A full year of operating profit didn't cover the interest bill. This is the zombie zone: the business depends on refinancing, asset sales, or forbearance to service its debt.
- Net cash, debt-freeCash $376K − debt $0
What this means
Cash and short-term investments exceed every dollar of debt by $376K, on net the company owes nothing, and can act from strength when others can't. Net debt is the leverage figure that matters: the cash is already set against the debt. Strategic or illiquid investments aren't counted here.
- TightDSO 13 + DIO 0 − DPO 1 days
What this means
Days cash is tied up between paying suppliers and collecting from customers. Lower is better; a long cycle means growth itself eats cash.
Is it a good business?
- Not enough dataIndustry peers: median -3%
What this means
The filing data didn't include the inputs for this check.
- Consumes cash through the cycle4-yr median margin, range -53%–10%; latest ($3M) = operating cash ($2M) − maintenance capex $77KIndustry peers: median 5%
What this means
What an owner could take out without starving the business: operating cash less the maintenance capital it must spend to hold its position — Buffett's owner earnings. That's -37% of revenue this year, a -41% median across 4 years.
- Loss, and burning cashNet income ($3M) · cash from operations ($2M)
What this means
The company reported a net loss, so a conversion ratio isn't meaningful. What matters then is whether operations still threw off cash, here, they did not.
How is the cash used?
- Not enough data
What this means
The filing data didn't include the inputs for this check.
- Investing or harvesting? 0.40×HarvestingCapex $77K ÷ depreciation $195K
What this means
Descriptive, not a grade. Above ~1× means investing faster than assets wear out (growth, or, sustained for years, today's earnings carrying less depreciation than tomorrow's will). Below means spending less than it's wearing out (efficiency, or a melting asset base). The ratio won't tell you which; the filings will.
Graham’s defensive tests · 0 of 4 met
Graham’s numerical criteria for the defensive investor (The Intelligent Investor, ch. 14), run on the filings. A floor of safety, not a buy signal; many fine modern businesses fail his strictest liquidity rules by design.
- Adequate size MissRevenue ≥ $2B · $7M
What this means
Big enough to weather a storm. Graham's 1972 floor was ~$100M of sales (≈ $700M today); we use a $2B revenue line as a conservative modern stand-in.
- Strong liquidity MissCurrent ratio ≥ 2× · 0.18×
What this means
Current assets at least twice current liabilities, near-term bills covered without touching the business. Strict by design: many cash-rich modern firms run leaner and miss it, holding their cushion in longer-dated securities.
- Earnings stability MissA profit every year (5-yr record) · 4 loss years
What this means
Graham wanted earnings in each of the past ten years, the stability a defensive owner leans on.
- Dividend record MissUninterrupted dividends · none paid
What this means
An unbroken dividend was Graham's mark of durability. He wanted twenty years; the filings show about ten, and a single suspension breaks the streak. Non-payers, many fine modern compounders, fall outside his defensive net by design.
- Moderate price —P/E ≤ 15 and P/E × P/B ≤ 22.5 · decided by the price
What this means
Graham's valuation gate, the wall he kept between a sound business and a sound investment. Three-year average earnings are $-4.97/share (latest year $-1.46), the averaged base the calculator's gate runs on, and book value is $-2.25/share. Enter a price in “What the price implies” just below for the P/E, P/B, and whether it clears. But this is the rule Buffett outgrew: there's no hard P/E law, and a wonderful business can deserve a far richer multiple if the thesis holds, treat it as the bargain-hunter's floor, not a verdict on the price.
Durability & moat, 2021–2025
Whether the record’s returns held, and what the capital reinvested earned.
- Profitable years 1 of 5
What this means
Lost money in 4 year(s), look at what happened there before trusting the average.
- Operating margin −168% → −234% (2-yr avg ends)
In the filing’s words The margin has held, but the filing names price competition — the pressure is present even where the margin has absorbed it so far.
What this means
The recent-years average (−234%) sits below the early years (−168%), but the latest year (−36%) is back near the early level: a cyclical trough dragging the window down, not a one-way slide. The through-cycle median is −107% — read it across the cycle, not on the dip.
- Worst year 2024 · −432.2% op. margin
What this means
Operations went underwater in 2024, understand why before trusting the good years.
- How management talks about it Promotional
What this means
Results have held roughly flat while the filing leans on a promoter’s vocabulary — watch whether the words are doing work the numbers are not.
Does AI threaten the moat?
Moderate contestabilityAI is likely to reshape costs and some products here without clearly contesting or sparing the core moat; how the company itself frames it is the tell.
The question is whether a moat the record shows as durable outlasts a technology that lowers the cost of part of what the firm sells. The durability is read in the record above, the filing's own framing of AI beside it; the industry label decides nothing on its own.
Read from the filing's own risk factors, paired with the industry's structure under its SIC code; the durability is read above, the price below.
All figures as filed; the source filing is linked above.
Current Position
as of fiscal year-end, Dec 31, 2025Can the business pay what it owes this year, off the freshest balance sheet: the quality of the assets, the debt actually coming due, and what a low ratio means here.
Current assets$1M
- Cash & short-term investments$376K
- Receivables$243K
- Inventory$3K
- Other current assets$418K
Current liabilities$6M
- Accounts payable$14K
- Other current liabilities$6M
Current ratio0.18×all current assets ÷ what's due · Graham looked for 2×
Quick ratio0.18×stricter: inventory excluded
Cash ratio0.06×strictest: cash alone against what's due
Working capital($5M)the cushion left after near-term bills
Cash runway0.2 yrsthe business is consuming cash; this is how long the cash on hand lasts at that rate
Deeper floors
Tangible book value($4M)equity stripped of goodwill & intangibles
Net current asset value($5M)Graham's net-net: current assets less all liabilities
Debt incl. operating leases$127K$127K of it operating leases
From the company's latest filing.
What an owner would ask, FY2025
read the 10-K →- How much of the revenue rides on one buyer?≈$771K · 11% of revenue on the largest customer (TTM)
“For the year ended December 31, 2023, one customer accounted for 11.3 % of the Company's total revenues.”verify →
The questions the record and the charts do not answer on their own; each carries the figure and the place to look.
Peers, Health Care Providers & Services
The same industry, side by side on owner economics. Each figure is a through-cycle median, so a peak or trough year can’t distort it; the group median at the foot is the line to read each against.
| Company | Revenue | Gross margin | Op. margin | ROIC | Owner earn. margin |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PNTGThe Pennant Group Inc. Common Stock | $948M | — | 4.8% | 9% | 5% |
| USPHU.S. Physical Therapy | $781M | — | 12.8% | 14% | 12% |
| FLGTFulgent Genetics Inc. | $323M | 57% | -10.0% | -3% | 7% |
| SRTAStrata Critical Medical Inc. | $197M | 19% | -36.6% | -9% | -30% |
| AIRSAirSculpt Technologies Inc. | $152M | — | 1.6% | -1% | 7% |
| GRALGRAIL Inc. Common Stock | $147M | — | -1627.6% | -19% | -464% |
| PSNLPersonalis Inc. | $70M | 26% | -80.7% | -48% | -58% |
| EUDAEUDA Health Holdings Limited | $7M | 23% | -106.9% | — | -39% |
| Group median | — | 24% | -23.3% | — | -12% |
The price
What a price has to assume.
What the price implies
reverse-DCFEnter the US price, in dollars: the NYSE/Nasdaq quote you hold. EUDA Health Holdings Limited's US listing is the ordinary share itself. The record tables elsewhere on this page remain as filed.
EUDA Health Holdings Limited is profitable, but owner earnings are negative this year because capital spending currently outruns operating cash, a build-out, so the owner-earnings reverse-DCF has no positive base to grow. We read the price from both ends instead: type a price to see the steady-state profitability it demands, then set the mature margin you would believe and weigh the two against each other. Nothing leaves your browser unless you enter it in your notebook.
$
The assumptions
Revenue, delivered9%/yr’21→’25
Enter a price to run it.
Owner earnings it must reach—
Margin the price demands—
Owner-earnings margin today−37%
A dated snapshot of the price you typed, the assumptions you set, and what the page showed for them. A snapshot is never edited after it is saved. Your notebook is yours alone — the commitment states what is stored and what we will never do.
Two reads of one future. From your price: the owner earnings the company must reach, valued at a mature multiple and discounted back at your rate, expressed as the margin it implies on revenue grown at your rate. From your belief: the mature margin you would credit, set on the dial above. When the margin the price demands runs above the one you would believe, you are paying for a future taken on faith. For a deep cyclical at a trough, normalized through-cycle earnings are the better lens; this mode is for the genuinely unprofitable, and for the profitable business whose capital spending currently outruns its cash.
Cite: Owner Scorecard, "EUDA Health Holdings Limited (EUDA), the owner's record," https://ownerscorecard.com/c/EUDA, data as of 2026-07-09.
Manual order: ← ETOR its page in the Manual EVAX →
Industry order: ← ENSG the Health Care Providers & Services chapter FMS →