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EIX, Edison International

Electric Utilities capital-intensive Regulated utility

Edison International is the ultimate parent holding company of SCE and Edison Energy, LLC, doing business as Trio.

Trio is a global energy advisory firm providing integrated sustainability and energy solutions to commercial, industrial and institutional customers.

Trio's business activities are currently not material to report as a separate business segment.

Latest annual: FY2025 10-K

EIX · Edison International

The business

What it sells, where the money comes from, the kind of company it is.

Revenue · FY2025

$19.3B

+9.8% YoY · 7% 5-yr CAGR

Vital signs · TTM, with 5-yr average

Revenue $19.6B 5-yr avg $17.1B

Operating margin 30.8% 5-yr avg 17.6%

ROIC 8% 5-yr avg 6%

Owner-earnings margin 14% 5-yr avg 4%

Free cash flow margin −3% 5-yr avg −14%

The business in brief

read the 10-K →

What this business is and what moves its needle, from its own SEC filings.

Situation: Regulated utility. Returns are set by regulation on an approved rate base; the capital spending regulators approve becomes the growth, recovered through allowed rates.
What moves the needle: Operating margin has run about 12% through the cycle, a solid margin the cost base and competition set as much as the price does. The operating margin has swung widely — from −4.4% to 37% over the years — so the through-cycle figure carries more than any single year, and the worst year more than the best. Capital spending runs about 34% of sales, well above depreciation, so the return earned on what it sinks into that plant weighs as much as the margin. Read this kind of business on rate base and the allowed return. On its own account, the filing leans hardest on customer concentration, set against the numbers in what the filing emphasizes, below.
Is it a good business?: Return on capital has rarely cleared the cost of capital (median 4%, above 15% in 0 of 10 years). By owner earnings: roughly 7% of revenue reaches owners as cash, though it swings. This is price-taker territory, where the balance sheet and the cycle matter more than any multiple; the rest is in the 10-K.

Every line is arithmetic on the company's filings, shown in full in the sections below.

The record

Ten years of arithmetic, read across the cycle.

The record, 2016–2025

realized figures from each filing · older years to the left

2016’16	2017’17	2018’18	2019’19	2020’20	2021’21	2022’22	2023’23	2024’24	2025’25	TTMTTMMar 2026
											Income statement
$11.9B	$12.3B	$12.7B	$12.3B	$13.6B	$14.9B	$17.2B	$16.3B	$17.6B	$19.3B	$19.6B	RevenueRevenue
$2.1B	$1.5B	($552M)	$1.8B	$1.2B	$1.5B	$1.5B	$2.6B	$2.9B	$7.1B	$6.0B	Operating incomeOp. inc.
17.4%	11.8%	−4.4%	14.4%	9.0%	9.9%	8.6%	16.1%	16.6%	36.7%	30.8%	Operating marginOp. mgn
$1.3B	$565M	($423M)	$1.3B	$739M	$759M	$612M	$1.2B	$1.3B	$4.5B	$3.6B	Net incomeNet inc.
12%	33%	—	—	—	—	—	8%	1%	22%	21%	Effective tax rateTax rate
											Cash flow & returns
$3.3B	$3.6B	$3.2B	($307M)	$1.3B	$11M	$3.2B	$3.4B	$5.0B	$5.8B	$6.0B	Operating cash flowOp. cash
$2.1B	$2.1B	$1.9B	$1.8B	$2.0B	$2.3B	$2.6B	$2.6B	$2.9B	$3.2B	$3.3B	DepreciationDeprec.
($155M)	$917M	$1.7B	($3.4B)	($1.5B)	($3.0B)	($29M)	($431M)	$864M	($1.9B)	($907M)	Working capital & otherWC & other
$3.7B	$3.8B	$4.5B	$4.9B	$5.5B	$5.5B	$5.8B	$5.4B	$5.7B	$6.5B	$6.6B	CapexCapex
31.6%	31.2%	35.6%	39.5%	40.4%	36.9%	33.6%	33.3%	32.4%	33.7%	33.9%	Capex / revenueCapex/rev
$1.2B	$1.5B	$1.2B	($2.1B)	($766M)	($2.3B)	$583M	$766M	$2.1B	$2.6B	$2.7B	Owner earningsOwner earn.
9.7%	12.0%	9.8%	−17.1%	−5.6%	−15.3%	3.4%	4.7%	12.2%	13.3%	13.6%	Owner earnings marginOE mgn
($495M)	($247M)	($1.3B)	($5.2B)	($4.2B)	($5.5B)	($2.6B)	($2.0B)	($693M)	($715M)	($643M)	Free cash flowFCF
−4.2%	−2.0%	−10.5%	−42.0%	−31.1%	−36.9%	−14.9%	−12.5%	−3.9%	−3.7%	−3.3%	Free cash flow marginFCF mgn
$626M	$707M	$788M	$810M	$928M	$988M	$1.1B	$1.1B	$1.2B	$1.3B	$1.3B	Dividends paidDiv. paid
—	—	—	—	—	—	$0	$0	$200M	$32M	—	BuybacksBuybacks
7%	4%	-2%	5%	4%	4%	3%	5%	6%	10%	8%	ROICROIC
9%	4%	-3%	8%	5%	5%	4%	8%	8%	25%	21%	Return on equityROE
5%	−1%	−10%	3%	−1%	−1%	−3%	1%	1%	18%	13%	Retained to equityRetained/eq
											Balance sheet
$96M	$1.1B	$144M	$68M	$87M	$402M	$919M	$345M	$193M	$158M	$174M	Cash & investmentsCash+inv
$714M	$717M	$730M	$788M	$1.1B	$1.4B	$1.7B	$2.0B	$2.2B	$1.5B	$1.6B	ReceivablesReceiv.
$239M	$242M	$282M	$364M	$405M	$420M	$474M	$527M	$538M	$535M	$542M	InventoryInvent.
$1.3B	$1.5B	$1.5B	$1.8B	$2.0B	$2.0B	$2.4B	$2.0B	$2.0B	$2.3B	$2.4B	Accounts payablePayables
($389M)	($544M)	($499M)	($600M)	($445M)	($184M)	($190M)	$560M	$707M	($346M)	($294M)	Operating working capitalOper. WC
$2.1B	$3.7B	$3.4B	$3.6B	$5.1B	$5.5B	$7.1B	$6.8B	$7.2B	$7.7B	$7.2B	Current assetsCur. assets
$5.9B	$7.1B	$5.4B	$5.5B	$10.3B	$8.6B	$10.3B	$8.6B	$8.4B	$10.5B	$9.7B	Current liabilitiesCur. liab.
0.4×	0.5×	0.6×	0.6×	0.5×	0.6×	0.7×	0.8×	0.8×	0.7×	0.7×	Current ratioCurr. ratio
$51.3B	$52.6B	$56.7B	$64.4B	$69.4B	$74.7B	$78.0B	$81.8B	$85.6B	$94.0B	$94.5B	Total assetsAssets
$11.2B	$12.1B	$14.7B	$18.3B	$20.7B	$25.2B	$29.6B	$33.0B	$35.6B	$38.0B	$40.3B	Total debtDebt
$11.1B	$11.0B	$14.6B	$18.3B	$20.6B	$24.8B	$28.7B	$32.7B	$35.4B	$37.8B	$40.1B	Net debt / (cash)Net debt
3.5×	2.3×	-0.8×	2.1×	1.3×	1.6×	1.3×	1.6×	1.6×	4.6×	3.4×	Interest coverageInt. cov.
$14.2B	$13.9B	$12.7B	$15.5B	$14.0B	$15.9B	$15.6B	$15.5B	$15.6B	$17.6B	$17.3B	Shareholders’ equityEquity
											Per share
330M	328M	326M	341M	374M	380M	383M	385M	388M	386M	387M	Shares out (diluted)Shares
$35.97	$37.56	$38.83	$36.21	$36.30	$39.22	$44.96	$42.44	$45.36	$50.04	$50.67	Revenue / shareRev/sh
$3.97	$1.72	$-1.30	$3.77	$1.98	$2.00	$1.60	$3.11	$3.31	$11.55	$9.18	EPS (diluted)EPS
$3.50	$4.52	$3.79	$-6.19	$-2.05	$-5.99	$1.52	$1.99	$5.54	$6.64	$6.91	Owner earnings / shareOE/sh
$-1.50	$-0.75	$-4.09	$-15.20	$-11.29	$-14.46	$-6.69	$-5.32	$-1.79	$-1.85	$-1.66	Free cash flow / shareFCF/sh
$1.90	$2.16	$2.42	$2.38	$2.48	$2.60	$2.74	$2.89	$3.09	$3.30	$3.34	Dividends / shareDiv/sh
$11.36	$11.72	$13.83	$14.30	$14.66	$14.49	$15.09	$14.15	$14.71	$16.88	$17.17	Cap. spending / shareCapex/sh
$42.99	$42.27	$38.81	$45.44	$37.56	$41.81	$40.79	$40.26	$40.12	$45.54	$44.75	Book value / shareBVPS

Per-share growththe realized rate an owner's share compounded

	9-yr	5-yr
Revenue / share	+3.7%/yr	+6.6%/yr
Owner earnings / share	+7.4%/yr	—
EPS	+12.6%/yr	+42.4%/yr
Dividends / share	+6.3%/yr	+5.9%/yr
Capital spending / share	+4.5%/yr	+2.9%/yr
Book value / share	+0.6%/yr	+3.9%/yr

The record, charted

FY2016–2025

Each measure over its full record; the current point and the worst year marked.

Share count

386Mpeak FY2024

ROIC

10%low FY2018

Net debt ÷ owner earnings

14.8×peak FY2022

Owner earnings vs. net income

Owner earningsNet income

The accountant's number, and the cash an owner can take; the gap is the tell.

$2.6Bowner earningsvs.$4.5Bnet incomelow FY2021

Where the cash went

ReinvestBuybacksDividendsAcquisitionsRetained

Each year's operating cash, by what management did with it: the mix, and how it drifts.

FY2016FY2025

Owner-earnings bridge

FY2021–FY2025cash-flow statement, SEC EDGAR →

Net income is the accountant's number; owner earnings is the cash an owner could take out. The walk between them, off the cash-flow statement, and whether the gap is widening or holding.

In fiscal 2025 the business earned $2.6B of owner earnings, the operating cash left after the $3.2B it takes just to hold its position. It put $3.3B more into growth; free cash flow, after that spending, was ($715M).

Reported net income$4.5B

Owner earnings$2.6B · 13% of revenue

	FY2025	FY2024	FY2023	FY2022	FY2021
Reported net income	$4.5B	$1.3B	$1.2B	$612M	$759M
Depreciation & amortizationnon-cash charge added back	+$3.2B	+$2.9B	+$2.6B	+$2.6B	+$2.3B
Working capital & othertiming of cash in and out, other non-cash items	−$1.9B	+$864M	−$431M	−$29M	−$3.0B
Cash from operations	$5.8B	$5.0B	$3.4B	$3.2B	$11M
Maintenance capital expenditurethe spending needed just to hold position and volume	−$3.2B	−$2.9B	−$2.6B	−$2.6B	−$2.3B
Owner earnings	$2.6B	$2.1B	$766M	$583M	($2.3B)
Growth capital expenditurediscretionary; spent to get bigger, not to stand still	−$3.3B	−$2.8B	−$2.8B	−$3.1B	−$3.2B
Free cash flow	($715M)	($693M)	($2.0B)	($2.6B)	($5.5B)
Owner-earnings marginowner earnings ÷ revenue	13%	12%	5%	3%	-15%

Owner earnings is the cash an owner could pull out without starving the business: operating cash less the maintenance capital it must spend to hold its position (here about $3.2B, roughly its depreciation, the rate its assets wear out). The other $3.3B of its capital spending is growth it chose, not upkeep it owed; charged only with the maintenance it must do, the business earns well more than the year's free cash flow shows.

Maintenance capex is estimated as depreciation where a growing business invests above it; free cash flow is the figure the scorecard's free-cash margin reads.

III

Quality & stewardship

Returns, the balance sheet, capital allocation, and pay.

Owner’s Scorecard

FY2025 10-K · source on SEC EDGAR →

Will it survive?

Can it pay its interest? 4.6×

Adequate

Operating income $7.1B ÷ interest expense $1.5B

What this means
Comfortable in a normal year, but below the margin of safety Graham looked for. Worth checking how stable the coverage has been across a full cycle.
How heavy is the debt, net of cash? $37.8B · 5.3× operating profit

Heavy net debt

Cash $158M + ST investments $10M − debt $38.0B

What this means
Netting $168M of cash and short-term investments against $38.0B of debt leaves $37.8B owed, about 5.3× a year's operating profit (5.4× on the gross debt, before the cash). It also holds $5M in longer-dated marketable securities; counting those, it sits at $37.8B of net debt. Net debt is the leverage figure that matters: the cash is already set against the debt. Strategic or illiquid investments aren't counted here.
How long is cash tied up? —

Not enough data

What this means
The filing data didn't include the inputs for this check.

Is it a good business?

Return on invested capital 4%

Below average through the cycle

10-yr median, range -2%–10%; 10% latest = NOPAT $5.5B ÷ invested capital $55.4B

Industry peers: median 6%

What this means
The rate the business earns on the money tied up in it, Buffett's north star, because over time a stock tracks the ROIC beneath it. Above ~15% sustained hints at a moat; a return below the cost of capital (~8%) erodes value as a business grows rather than building it — the test Buffett weighs most. The headline is the median of the last 10 years (it ran 10% most recently), so one peak or trough year doesn't set the verdict. Asset-light businesses (R&D expensed, little capital) read artificially high, pair this with Owner Earnings.
Owner-earnings margin 13%

Solid, recently turned positive

latest $2.6B = operating cash $5.8B − maintenance capex $3.2B; positive each of the last 3 years, after an earlier loss stretch (10-yr median 5%)

Industry peers: median 14%

What this means
What an owner could take out without starving the business: operating cash less the maintenance capital it must spend to hold its position — Buffett's owner earnings. That's 13% of revenue this year, a 5% median across 10 years. It chose to put $3.3B more into growth, so free cash flow this year was ($715M) — the gap is investment, not weakness. Treating stock comp as the real expense it is (less $33M of SBC) leaves $2.5B.
Are earnings backed by cash? 1.30×

Cash-backed

Cash from ops $5.8B ÷ net income $4.5B

What this means
How much of reported profit showed up as operating cash. Above 1× is reassuring; well below suggests earnings lean on accruals. One year is noisy, growth and working-capital swings distort it, and this is operating cash, not free cash. Watch the multi-year trend.

How is the cash used?

Where do the earnings go? 51%

Returns about half

Dividends + buybacks $1.3B ÷ Owner Earnings $2.6B

What this means
Of $2.6B Owner Earnings, $1.3B (51%) went back to shareholders, $1.3B dividends, $32M buybacks. But the buybacks barely exceed stock issued to employees ($33M SBC), net of dilution, little was truly returned. Returning most of it is the mark of a mature business with little left to reinvest at a high return; reinvesting most could mean a long runway, or empire-building. The split doesn't say which; the return earned on it (see ROIC) does.
Investing or harvesting? 2.01×

Expanding

Capex $6.5B ÷ depreciation $3.2B

What this means
Descriptive, not a grade. Above ~1× means investing faster than assets wear out (growth, or, sustained for years, today's earnings carrying less depreciation than tomorrow's will). Below means spending less than it's wearing out (efficiency, or a melting asset base). The ratio won't tell you which; the filings will.

Graham’s defensive tests · 3 of 6 met

Graham’s numerical criteria for the defensive investor (The Intelligent Investor, ch. 14), run on the filings. A floor of safety, not a buy signal; many fine modern businesses fail his strictest liquidity rules by design.

Adequate size Pass

Revenue ≥ $2B · $19.3B

What this means
Big enough to weather a storm. Graham's 1972 floor was ~$100M of sales (≈ $700M today); we use a $2B revenue line as a conservative modern stand-in.
Strong liquidity Miss

Current ratio ≥ 2× · 0.73×

What this means
Current assets at least twice current liabilities, near-term bills covered without touching the business. Strict by design: many cash-rich modern firms run leaner and miss it, holding their cushion in longer-dated securities.
Conservative debt Miss

Debt ≤ working capital · $38.0B vs ($2.9B) WC

What this means
Graham's rule that borrowings not exceed net current assets. Capital-heavy and buyback-heavy firms routinely fail it, read it next to interest coverage, not alone.
Earnings stability Near

A profit every year (10-yr record) · 1 loss year

What this means
Graham wanted earnings in each of the past ten years, the stability a defensive owner leans on.
Dividend record Pass

Uninterrupted dividends · paid every year (10)

What this means
An unbroken dividend was Graham's mark of durability. He wanted twenty years; the filings show about ten, and a single suspension breaks the streak. Non-payers, many fine modern compounders, fall outside his defensive net by design.
Earnings growth Pass

Earnings +33% over the record · +378%

What this means
At least a third more earnings than a decade ago, averaging three years at each end. Net income (not per-share), so stock splits don't distort it, buybacks and dilution show up in the share-count line instead.
Moderate price —

P/E ≤ 15 and P/E × P/B ≤ 22.5 · decided by the price

What this means
Graham's valuation gate, the wall he kept between a sound business and a sound investment. Three-year average earnings are $6.01/share (latest year $11.59), the averaged base the calculator's gate runs on, and book value is $45.68/share. Enter a price in “What the price implies” just below for the P/E, P/B, and whether it clears. But this is the rule Buffett outgrew: there's no hard P/E law, and a wonderful business can deserve a far richer multiple if the thesis holds, treat it as the bargain-hunter's floor, not a verdict on the price.

Durability & moat, 2016–2025

Whether the record’s returns held, and what the capital reinvested earned.

Profitable years 9 of 10

What this means
Lost money in 1 year(s), look at what happened there before trusting the average.
Return on capital ≥ 15% 0 of 10 yrs

What this means
A moat shows up as a high return on invested capital that holds year after year, not one good vintage.
Operating margin 8% → 23% (3-yr avg ends)

In the filing’s words The record and the words agree: the margin widened and the filing attributes the gain to its own pricing, not volume alone.

What this means
Through the cycle the operating margin widened — about 8% early to 23% lately, median 12% — pricing power intact or improving.
Reinvestment, incremental ROIC 11%

What this means
Reinvested capital came back at only a modest incremental return — near the cost of capital, where extra growth adds little per dollar. The record shows whether it is a soft stretch or a thinning moat.
Owner earnings growth +7%/yr

What this means
Owner earnings grew about 7% a year over the record.
Worst year 2018 · −4.4% op. margin

What this means
Operations went underwater in 2018, understand why before trusting the good years.
Share count +1.8%/yr

What this means
The share count is rising, dilution works against you on a per-share basis.
Dividend record rising

What this means
Paid and raised the dividend across the record, the continuity Graham prized.

Does AI threaten the moat?

Low contestability

The moat is physical, regulated or balance-sheet-funded, the kind AI cuts costs within but does not contest.

AI is unlikely to contest a moat that is physical, regulated or balance-sheet-funded; here it reads more as a cost tool than a threat.

Read from the filing's own risk factors, paired with the industry's structure under its SIC code; the durability is read above, the price below.

All figures as filed; the source filing is linked above.

Current Position

as of the latest quarter, Mar 31, 2026

Can the business pay what it owes this year, off the freshest balance sheet: the quality of the assets, the debt actually coming due, and what a low ratio means here.

Current assets$7.2B

Cash & short-term investments$172M
Receivables$1.6B
Inventory$542M
Other current assets$4.9B

Current liabilities$9.7B

Debt due within a year$3.0B
Accounts payable$2.4B
Other current liabilities$4.3B

Current ratio0.74×all current assets ÷ what's due · Graham looked for 2×

Quick ratio0.68×stricter: inventory excluded

Cash ratio0.02×strictest: cash alone against what's due

Working capital($2.5B)the cushion left after near-term bills

Debt due this year vs. cash$3.0B due · $172M cash cash alone won't cover the maturities; it leans on refinancing or operating cash · both figures from the Mar 31, 2026 balance sheet

Revenue, latest quarter vs. a year ago+7.7%the freshest read on whether the business is still growing

Current ratio, recent quarters1.0× → 0.7×

Deeper floors

Tangible book value$17.3Bequity stripped of goodwill & intangibles

Net current asset value($68.4B)Graham's net-net: current assets less all liabilities

Debt incl. operating leases$41.5B$1.1B of it operating leases

From the company's latest filing.

Debt maturity

the debt note, SEC EDGAR →

Not how much it owes, but when it falls due, and against what. The ladder the company files, beside cash on hand and a year's owner earnings.

'26$1.9B

'27$2.5B

'28$3.0B

'29$3.4B

'30$2.0B

Bars scaled to the largest single year.

Due in the next 12 months$1.9Bthe first rung: what must be repaid or rolled over within the year

Within two years$4.5Bthe near wall, the part most exposed to today’s credit conditions

Biggest single year$3.4Bin 2029the lumpiest maturity, where a refinancing, if needed, is largest

Due over the next five years$12.9Bthe near slice; the balance sheet carries $38.0B of debt in all

Against what the business has and earns

Cash & short-term investments, Mar 31, 2026$172M

One year of owner earnings (FY2025)$2.6B

Together, against $1.9B due next year1.4×

Cash on hand as of Mar 31, 2026 plus a year’s owner earnings comes to $2.7B against the $1.9B due in the twelve months after the Dec 31, 2025 schedule: 1.4 times it.

Maturity schedule extracted from the company’s Dec 31, 2025 annual report and reconciled to the balance-sheet debt.

How the cash was used, 2016–2025

Over the record, the business generated $28.4B of operating cash; how management split it reads as a reinvestor, most operating cash is plowed back into the business.

Reinvested$51.4B · 181%
Dividends$9.5B · 33%
Buybacks$232M · 1%

Returned to owners$9.7B
203% of the owner earnings the business produced over the span, $9.5B as dividends and $232M as buybacks.
Source of funding−$32.7B
Reinvestment and shareholder returns ran $32.7B beyond the operating cash the business generated, so the gap was financed off the balance sheet: debt rose from $11.2B to $40.3B.
Average price paid for buybacks$78.29
Across the years where the filing reports a share count, 3M shares were bought for $232M, about $78.29 each.
Net change in share count17.3%
The diluted count rose from 330M to 387M: issuance (stock pay, deals) outran any buybacks, so owners were diluted on net.
Dividend record$3.30/sh
Paid in 10 of the years on record, the per-share dividend growing about 6% a year. It was never cut over the span.
Return on what it retained26%
Of the earnings it kept rather than paid out ($2.1B over the span), annual owner earnings (first three years vs last three) grew $534M, so each retained $1 added about 0.26 of yearly owner earnings. Buffett's test, run on owner earnings instead of market value.

Buybacks are gross of stock issued to staff; the share-count line above is the net of that, the figure that decides whether owners gained. The average price paid blends a year of purchases (and any accelerated repurchase), so it is close, not exact. The record of where the cash went and on what terms.

Management, ownership & pay

read the proxy →

From the proxy: how much of the business the people running it own, and how they are paid, beside what the business earned for its owners in the same years.

Fiscal year	Chief executive	Pay, as filed	“Actually paid”	Owner earnings
2021	Mr. Pizarro	$14.4M	$20.0M	($2.3B)
2022	Mr. Pizarro	$12.2M	$11.7M	$583M
2023	Mr. Pizarro	$14.9M	$22.8M	$766M
2024	Mr. Pizarro	$13.8M	$21.0M	$2.1B
2025	Mr. Pizarro	$16.5M	$6.8M	$2.6B

Both pay figures are the company’s own, from the pay-versus-performance table its proxy statement files. “As filed” is the Summary Compensation Table total: salary, bonus, and equity awards at their value on the day of grant. “Actually paid” is the SEC’s prescribed recalculation, which re-marks those equity awards to what they became as they vested; it can swing far above or below the filed figure in either direction, and negative years occur. Owner earnings are the whole business's, from the record above, for the same fiscal years.

Insider ownership1.2%
The stake all directors and executive officers hold together, per the 2026 proxy: skin in the game, the first thing Munger reads.
Stock-based compensation$33M
The slice of the business handed to employees in shares this year, 0% of revenue, equal to 0% of operating profit. Buffett's oldest accounting fight: this is compensation, compensation is an expense, real whether or not the headline earnings admit it. One trap: the cash-flow statement adds SBC back, so the operating cash, and the owner earnings drawn from it, are flattered by exactly this amount; counted as the cost it is, what an owner keeps is lower.

Inverting the record

Invert: instead of why Edison International is a good business, the question is what would make owning it a mistake, and whether those marks are in the record. Disconfirming tests across 2016–2025.

4 of the 6 tests turned up something to look into; the other 2 came back clean.

Look hereDid the share count rise anyway?17.3%
Diluted shares grew 17.3% over 2016–2025, even as the company spent $232M on buybacks. The repurchases were outrun by issuance — to staff, in a raise, or in a deal — and the filing says which; owners' slice still shrank. Read the buyback line beside this one, not on its own.
Look hereDid debt outgrow the business?$11.2B → $40.3B
Debt rose from $11.2B to $40.3B while owner earnings went from about $1.3B to $1.8B — about 8.6 years of owner earnings in debt then, about 22 now: measured against what the business earns, the balance sheet carries more debt than it did. Debt raised for buybacks or deals rather than growth is the kind that bites in a downturn.
Look hereDid receivables and inventory outpace sales?8% → 11% of sales
Receivables and inventory grew from $953M to $2.1B while revenue grew 65%: working capital is climbing faster than sales (8% of revenue then, 11% now). That can mean customers paying slower, stock building up, or revenue pulled forward. The filing's cash-flow and receivables notes say which.
Look hereAre "one-time" charges a yearly habit?7 of 10 years
Management took an impairment or write-down in 7 of the last 10 years, $1.2B in all. Taken across the majority of the record, the "one-time" label is wearing thin — ask whether these are past deals coming due rather than genuinely isolated events. Read it beside the goodwill the company still carries.

And these came back clean

Is it less profitable than it was?
Did reported profit become cash?

Each test is read from the filings and is noisy alone; a flag can mark a cyclical trough or a year of heavy investment as easily as a problem. The filing says which.

Peers, Electric Utilities

The same industry, side by side on owner economics. Each figure is a through-cycle median, so a peak or trough year can’t distort it; the group median at the foot is the line to read each against.

Company	Revenue	Gross margin	Op. margin	ROIC	Owner earn. margin
CEGConstellation Energy	$22.7B	—	5.0%	8%	-17%
AEPAmerican Electric Power Company Inc.	$21.7B	—	19.2%	6%	26%
EIXEdison International	$19.3B	—	13.1%	4%	7%
VSTVistra	$17.6B	—	10.8%	7%	17%
DDominion Energy Inc.	$16.5B	—	23.1%	4%	21%
DTBDTE Energy Co	$15.8B	—	13.6%	6%	—
FEFirstEnergy Corp.	$15.1B	—	18.4%	5%	11%
ESEversource Energy (D/B/A)	$13.5B	—	20.2%	5%	8%
Group median	—	—	16.0%	6%	11%

The price

What a price has to assume.

What the price implies

reverse-DCF

Type today's close and see the owner-earnings growth you'd have to believe to justify it, beside what Edison International has delivered.

Edison International’s latest year shows negative owner earnings, the mark of a build-out: total capital spending outruns the cash the business throws off today. So the tool opens on the steady-state base (maintenance capex in place of the build-out spend), the cash it would earn at rest; clear the toggle below to read the latest year exactly as reported.

Today’s price $

Through the cycle, Edison International earns about $1.4B on its 7.2% median owner-earnings margin. This year’s 13.3% margin runs above that; the reported figure may flatter a peak you'd be paying on. Normalize, below, values the price on that through-cycle figure rather than the latest year. It comes pre-checked here for that reason, the same rule that already normalizes a trough; clear it to price the year as filed.

Base Normalize · through-cycle ($1.4B) Net of stock comp (−$27M) Steady-state · maintenance capex ($2.8B)

—

The assumptions Required return 9% Years of high growth 10 Terminal growth 2.5%

9.0% = the 4.55% 10-year Treasury (Jul 15, 2026) + 4.45 points of equity premium. The rate you require is yours to set.

Enter a price above to run it.

Implied by the price—

Owner-earnings growth · ’16→’25+7%/yr

Owner-earnings yield—

P/E (3-yr earnings ’23–’25)—

P/B—

Graham’s price gate—

Graham capped the multiple at 15×; Buffett and Munger let that rule go: a wonderful business can deserve 50× if the thesis holds. The gate marks the bargain-hunter's floor.

Against a high-grade bond: Graham’s yardstick bond yield%

Prefilled with the 10-year Treasury (4.55%, as of Jul 15, 2026). Edit it for today’s exact figure, or a AAA corporate yield.

Graham measured a stock against the bond you could own instead, the heart of his margin of safety. Enter a price above to weigh the owner-earnings yield against this bond.

Free cash flow ($643M) on 385M shares outstanding, per the 10-Q cover, as of 2026-04-21; net debt $40.1B. The base opens on the through-cycle figure (the latest year sits above the record’s own median, and Graham’s averaging cuts both ways); clear Normalize to use the year as filed. Net of stock comp treats option pay as the expense it is. Capex ($6.6B) runs well above depreciation ($3.3B), so this is a build-out; Steady-state swaps total capex for maintenance (≈ depreciation), lifting the base to about $2.8B, the cash it would throw off if it stopped expanding. The dials set the multiple a growth belief justifies; the price, and every dollar on this page, is yours.

Weigh EIX against another business →

Cite: Owner Scorecard, "Edison International (EIX), the owner's record," https://ownerscorecard.com/c/EIX, data as of 2026-07-09.

Manual order: ← EIG its page in the Manual EL →

Industry order: ← EDN the Electric Utilities chapter ELLO →